Sound Change/Phonological Change

Question 1

assimilation

Answer 1

one sound becomes more similar to another due to the influence of a neighbouring sound

partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory (sound before cause) vs progressive/perseverative (cause before sound)
local/contact vs long-distance/distant

Question 2

dissimilation

Answer 2

sounds become less similar to one another

partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory vs progressive/perseverative
local/contact vs long-distance/distant

Question 3

lenition/weakening

Answer 3

resulting sound after change is conceived of as somehow weaker in articulation
- stop > fricative
- CC > C
- C > glide
- voiceless > voiced
occurs to consonants in intervocalic/postvocalic positions

Question 4

degemination/shortening

Answer 4

two identical consonants reduced to a single occurrence

ocurence

Question 5

spirantization

Answer 5

oral stop > fricative

Question 6

deaffrication

Answer 6

affricate > fricative

Question 7

voicing

Answer 7

esp. in intervocalic/postvocalic position

Question 8

debuccalization

Answer 8

consonant loses oral constriction

Question 9

fortition/strengthening

Answer 9

eg fricative/approximant > stop/affricate

prominent positions (word-initial, stressed syllable onset)

Question 10

deletion

Answer 10

loss of a segment

Question 11

syncope

Answer 11

word-medial vowel deletion
syncpe

Question 12

apocope

Answer 12

word-final vowel deletion
apocop

Question 13

epenthesis/insertion

Answer 13

insertion of sound

hepenthesis

Question 14

excrescence/emergent stops

Answer 14

type of epenthesis; new stop btw other consonants

excrescenTce

Question 15

coalescence/fusion

Answer 15

sequence of two things merging into one

Question 16

lengthening vs shortening

Answer 16

consonants: gemination vs degemination
compensatory lengthening: lengthening of C when nearby segment is lost

Question 17

rhotacism

Answer 17

s/z > r

Question 18

metathesis

Answer 18

reordering of a pair of segments

metasethis

local vs longdistance

Question 19

haplology

Answer 19

whole-syllable deletion/coalsecence in sequence of two identical/similar syllables

haplogy

Question 20

diphthongization vs monophthongization

Answer 20

diph: original single vowel changes into a sequence of two vowel segments which occupy one single syllable

mono: a former diphthong changes into a single vowel

Question 21

vowel raising vs lowering

Answer 21

low vowels change to mid or high; mid change to high
or reverse

Question 22

nasalization

Answer 22

vowels become nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants
could use for b > m

Question 23

palatalization

Answer 23

outcome often not palatal, but postalveolar

Question 24

affrication

Answer 24

oral stop > affricate

often happens in palatalization

Question 25

devoicing

Answer 25

common in word-final, or next to voiceless C

Question 26

origins of sound change (4)

Answer 26

- misalignment of articulatory gestures - low-level phonetic effects (eg coarticulation) - tonogenesis ( - listener-based theory / misperception (hypocorrective and hypercorrective change)

Question 27

tonogenesis

Answer 27

phonological tone contrasts develop out of laryngeal contrasts in nearby consonants - voiced C --> lower F0 - voiceless C --> higher F0

Question 28

conditioned sound change

Answer 28

occurs in particular environment

Question 29

unconditioned sound change

Answer 29

occurs in all environments/positions

Question 30

How is relative chronology determined

Answer 30

interactions with other changes

Question 31

regular vs sporadic change

Answer 31

regular: recur generally, occur uniformly in specific environments sporadic: do not apply throughout the language

Question 32

regularity principle/hypothesis

Answer 32

all sound change applies in a regular/systematic/exceptionless manner

Question 33

phonemic sound change

Answer 33

adds or deletes from the number of phonemes, or one phoneme changes into another

Question 34

non-phonemic sound change

Answer 34

does not alter total number of phonemes or change one into another

Question 35

categories of phonemic change (3)

Answer 35

merger split (secondary split) conditioned merger (primary split)

Question 36

merger/phonemic merger

Answer 36

formerly distinct phonemes /A/ vs /B/ become identical neutralization of contrast

Question 37

split/phonemic split

Answer 37

sounds [A] vs [B] go from being allophones of one phoneme to contrastive /A/ vs /B/

Question 38

conditioned merger

Answer 38

one allophone of phoneme /A/ merges with phoneme /B/

Question 39

chain shift

Answer 39

push chain: change moves into articulatory space of another sound to move away from the encroaching one to maintain distinctions, thereby encroaching on a different sound drag chain/pull chain: change may create a hole in the phonemic pattern, which is followed by another chage which fills the hole by pulling some sound from elsewhere and changing it to fit symmetry/naturalness