Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SEM III - Radiation Biology > Sources & Types > Flashcards

Sources & Types Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

Cosmic radiation

A

Extraterrestrial in origin, higher intensity at a higher altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Natural/Background Radiation

A

Cosmic, terrestrial, and internal radiation.

Very little can be done about this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Terrestrial radiation

A

Natural products of planet earth, for example radon gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Radon gas

A

The largest source of natural radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Internal radiation

A

Natural products found within the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Radioactivity

A

the property possessed by some elements (as uranium) or isotopes (as carbon 14) of spontaneously emitting energetic particles (as electrons or alpha particles) by the disintegration of their atomic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Man made/artificial radiation

A

CT, nuclear medicine, interventional fluoroscopy, medical X-ray, consumer products, occupational, industrial, primary medical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medical radiation

A

Primary source of man made radiation

CT, nuclear medicine, interventional fluoroscopy, conventional X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Consumer products

A

Cathode ray tubes, smoke detectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Industrial

A

Radiation used in industrial applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nuclear fallout

A

Radioactive debris from nuclear detonations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Leakage radiation

A

Leaves the tube housing at a point other than the window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary radiation

A

Created in the X-ray tube, proceeds towards the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Secondary radiation

A

Created at a point other than the X-ray tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scatter radiation

A

Primary X-ray redirected due to interaction with matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effects of scatter

A

Bad for the image, carries no anatomical information, adds useless density into the image receptor/image, veil of gray.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scatter production varies by

A

X-ray beam field size.
As the area increases, scatter increases.
Thickness of tissue increases, scatter increases.
Lower density tissue scatters more bad absorbs less.
As KVP increases, scatter production increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Collimator

A

A primary tool used to minimize the production of scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Grid

A

A primary tool used to minimize the impact of scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Remnant radiation

A

Primary X-ray that passes through the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Photon/Quanta/Ray

A

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy, a small bundle of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Energy in transit through space, bundles of pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light, waveform movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Common properties to all forms of EMR

A

Bundles of pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light (c), waveform movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wavelengths that pass a given point per second
Measured in hertz (Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Wavelength
The distance from one crest to the next, or valley to valley Measured in meters Represented by the Greek letter lambda
25
Amplitude
One half the range from crest to valley
26
Speed of light
Constant, velocity 186,400 miles per second or 3x10 to the 8th meters per second
27
Wave equation
Speed of light = frequency x wavelength
28
Ionizing radiation
Energy with the ability to disrupt atomic structure thereby ionizing meter. 2 types: 1)energy based, 2)matter based
29
Properties of energy based ionizing radiation:
Waves Pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light, waveform movement
30
Properties of matter based ionizing radiation
Particles. | Have matter, have mass, can have charge, slower than the speed of light, straight line movement
31
Wave particle duality
The ability to ionize matter by disrupting normal atomic structure. Both energy based and matter based possess this ability.
32
Linear Energy Transfer - LET
Energy deposited in tissue per unit of difference
33
Quality factor / Wr
Adjustment multiplier used in the calculation of dose equivalence to specify the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biological damage
34
The quality factor of X-ray is
1 (one)
35
The quality factor of gamma is
1 (one)
36
Quality factor of alpha is
20 (twenty)
37
Compton interaction
Primary X-ray enters atom and collides with outer shell electron (low electron bind). X-ray easily overcomes the binding energy and electron ejected, the atom is ionized in the process. Incoming X-ray loses energy in collision, the energy is spent ejecting the outer shell electron. Incoming X-ray is redirected or scattered due to the collision.
38
Classical/Coherent/Thompson/Rayleigh Interraction
Low energy photon approaches atom, energy absorbed by entire atom. Atom cannot hold excess energy, releases new (secondary) photon. Energy is exactly same as primary X-ray and proceeds isotropically.
39
Photoelectric interaction
High energy X-rays collide with inner shell electron, primary X-ray dies in collision, it's energy is transferred. Hole left in K shell causing characteristic cascade. The strength of the X-ray created us exactly equal to the difference in orbital ring change. X-ray too weak to exit patients body and absorbed.
40
Nuclear accidents
Radioactive debris from power plant accidents
41
Amplitude
One half the range from crest to valley
42
Velocity
For all electromagnetic radiation it is constant at the speed of light.
43
EMR interacts with
Objects whose size approximates its own wavelength
44
As frequency increases
Wavelength decreases
45
Ionizing radiation includes
X-radiation and gamma radiation - possess enough energy to ionize matter.
46
The only difference between x-radiation and gamma radiation
X-rays are emitted from the electron shells of an atom & Gamma radiation is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
47
If given an X-ray and gamma ray with equal energies
You would not be able to tell them apart
48
As frequency increases
Wavelength decreases
49
As frequency decreases
Wavelength increases
50
As wavelength decreases
Energy increases
51
As frequency increases
Energy increases
52
High energy EMR like X-ray possesses
Short wavelength and high frequency
53
RBE - relative biologic effectiveness
Biologic reaction compared to a standard
54
OER - Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
Oxygen deprived versus oxygen rich environment
55
When X-ray enters a patient:
X-ray energy passes through without Interraction Xray energy is absorbed in patient due to interraction X-ray energy is redirected due to interaction (scatter)
56
Scatter
Redirected primary beam radiation caused primarily by Compton interactions within tissue.
57
As wavelength decreases
Energy increases
58
As frequency increases
Energy increases
59
High energy EMR like X-ray possesses
Short wavelength and high frequency
60
The X-ray beam is polyenergetic
Waveform, and energy values, will vary within the polyenergetic beam up to the peak energy - KVP.
61
Low energy X-rays
1-30 KVP range Relatively long wavelength (entire atoms)
62
Moderate energy X-rays
30-50 KV range Moderate wavelength (outer shell e- orbits)
63
High energy X-rays
50+ KV range Relatively shoer wavelength (inner shell e- orbits)

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions