South Africa (1879-1965) Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What years did the Zulu Wars occur?
A
1879–1887.
2
Q
Who was the British High Commissioner seeking to expand control during the Zulu Wars?
A
Sir Bartle Frere.
3
Q
Which Zulu king resisted British demands to disband his army?
A
King Cetshwayo.
4
Q
What was the date of the Battle of Isandlwana?
A
January 22, 1879.
5
Q
How many British troops were killed at the Battle of Isandlwana?
A
Over 1,300 British troops.
6
Q
What tactic characterized the Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana?
A
A massed impi force using traditional Zulu tactics.
7
Q
When was the Battle of Ulundi fought?
A
July 4, 1879.
8
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Ulundi?
A
The British decisively defeated the Zulu and divided Zululand into chiefdoms.
9
Q
What years did the First Boer War occur?
A
1880–1881.
10
Q
Which battle ended the First Boer War?
A
The Battle of Majuba Hill.
11
Q
In which year was the Battle of Majuba Hill fought?
A
1881
12
Q
What was significant about the Battle of Majuba Hill?
A
Boer mobility and marksmanship led to a decisive British defeat.
13
Q
What years did the Second Boer War occur?
A
1899–1902.
14
Q
Which warfare tactic did the Boers use in the Second Boer War?
A
Guerrilla warfare tactics.
15
Q
What counter-tactic did the British use in the Second Boer War?
A
Scorched-earth tactics.
16
Q
Which British service supported victories in the Second Boer War?
A
British intelligence services.
17
Q
Which treaty ended the Second Boer War?
A
The Treaty of Vereeniging.
18
Q
How much reconstruction funding did the Treaty of Vereeniging provide?
A
£3 million.
19
Q
What self-government promise did the Treaty of Vereeniging include?
A
Eventual self-government for the Boers.
20
Q
On what date was the Treaty of Vereeniging signed?
A
May 31, 1902.
21
Q
What does BSAC stand for?
A
British South Africa Company.
22
Q
Who founded the British South Africa Company?
A
Cecil Rhodes.
23
Q
How did Tswana kings resist BSAC control of Bechuanaland?
A
They sent a delegation to London that successfully prevented BSAC control.
24
Q
Which Tswana king used British public opinion to thwart Rhodes’s plans?
A
Khama III.
25
In what year did the Ngoni Revolt occur?
1897
26
Who led the Ngoni Revolt against the BSAC?
Mpezeni.
27
What was the outcome of the Ngoni Revolt?
The revolt was crushed, and Mpezeni signed a treaty retaining limited rule as Paramount Chief.
28
When was the First Matabele War?
1893
29
Who did the Ndebele defeat in the First Matabele War?
They defeated a BSAC patrol.
30
Which religious leader inspired the Second Matabele War?
Mlimo.
31
In what year did the Second Matabele War take place?
1896
32
Why did the Ndebele revolt in 1896?
They blamed the BSAC for natural disasters.
33
What long-term effect did the Matabele Wars have?
They inspired future nationalist movements.
34
When did the Chilembwe Uprising occur?
January 1915.
35
Who led the 1915 uprising in Nyasaland?
John Chilembwe.
36
What were the targets of the Chilembwe Uprising?
European estates and administrative centers.
37
How long did the Chilembwe Uprising last?
Three days.
38
How many rebels were executed after the Chilembwe Uprising?
400 rebels.
39
What happened to John Chilembwe during his uprising?
He was killed.
40
When was the South African Native National Congress founded?
1912
41
Where was the SANNC founded?
Bloemfontein.
42
What did the SANNC later become?
The African National Congress (ANC).
43
Which strategy did the SANNC adopt from Gandhi?
Passive resistance.
44
In what year did the SANNC change its name to the ANC?
1923
45
Who founded South Africa’s National Party?
J.B.M. Hertzog.
46
When was the National Party founded?
1915
47
What was the National Party’s policy focus?
An Afrikaner-first policy and independence from British influence.
48
What journal spread Afrikaner nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s?
Koers.
49
What ideology did Koers promote?
Christian-nationalist Afrikaner heritage and racial segregation.
50
In what year did the National Party implement apartheid?
1948
51
When was the ANC Youth League founded?
1944
52
Who co-founded the ANC Youth League?
Nelson Mandela.
53
When was Umkhonto weSizwe established?
1961
54
What was Umkhonto weSizwe?
The armed wing of the ANC.
55
What type of campaigns did Umkhonto weSizwe launch?
Sabotage campaigns against apartheid infrastructure.
56
What event occurred at the Rivonia Trial?
Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment.
57
In what year did the Rivonia Trial take place?
1963
58
What was Bechuanaland’s political status under British rule?
It was a British protectorate.
59
Which regent frequently resisted British policies in Bechuanaland?
Tshekedi Khama.
60
Who was exiled for marrying a white woman?
Seretse Khama.
61
In what year was Seretse Khama exiled?
1948
62
When did Botswana gain independence?
1966
63
Who became Botswana’s first President?
Seretse Khama.
64
What organization opposed the Central African Federation in Nyasaland?
The Nyasaland African Congress (NAC).
65
When was the Nyasaland African Congress founded?
1944
66
Who led the national movement in Nyasaland?
Hastings Banda.
67
In what year was Hastings Banda jailed?
1959
68
When did Nyasaland gain independence as Malawi?
1964
69
What position did Hastings Banda hold after independence?
First President of Malawi.
70
What party did Kenneth Kaunda lead?
The United National Independence Party (UNIP).
71
Which campaign did UNIP launch?
The 'Cha-Cha-Cha' campaign of civil disobedience.
72
How did the 'Cha-Cha-Cha' campaign seek to achieve its goals?
Through civil disobedience and mass protests.
73
When did Northern Rhodesia become independent as Zambia?
1964
74
Who became Zambia’s first President?
Kenneth Kaunda.
75
What declaration did Ian Smith make in 1965?
The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI).
76
What did the UDI lead to?
A protracted civil war.
77
When did Zimbabwe achieve independence?
1980
78
What does guerrilla warfare involve?
Small, mobile units using ambush tactics.
79
What does scorched-earth tactics mean?
Destroying resources to hinder the enemy.
80
What is passive resistance?
Nonviolent refusal to obey unjust laws.
81
What is sabotage?
Deliberate damage to infrastructure or equipment.
82
What was the Central African Federation?
A union of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland from 1953 to 1963.
83
When was the Central African Federation established?
1953
84
When did the Central African Federation dissolve?
1963
85
What discoveries increased tensions leading to the Boer Wars?
Diamonds and gold.
86
Which commodity discovery in Kimberley intensified conflict?
Diamonds.
87
Which commodity discovery in the Witwatersrand intensified conflict?
Gold.
88
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
The founder of the British South Africa Company and British imperial advocate.
89
What countries made up the Central African Federation?
Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.
90
Who was the first President of Malawi?
Hastings Banda.
91
What year did Hastings Banda become President of Malawi?
1964
92
What does ANC stand for?
African National Congress.
93
What does NAC stand for?
Nyasaland African Congress.
94
What does UNIP stand for?
United National Independence Party.
95
What does NP stand for?
National Party.
96
What was a primary goal of the SANNC upon its founding?
To advocate for African political representation and rights.
97
What legal approach did the SANNC employ?
Petitions and legal advocacy.
98
What central role did the ANC play in South Africa's history?
Leading the anti-apartheid struggle.
99
What influenced the rise of Afrikaner nationalism?
Desire for political and cultural identity among Afrikaners.
100
What year did apartheid officially end?
1994
101
Which tactic did the SANNC and ANC initially use before armed struggle?
Peaceful protest.
102
What was Botswana’s status before 1966?
British protectorate of Bechuanaland.
103
What was a major consequence of the Rivonia Trial for the ANC?
Loss of top leadership to imprisonment.
104
Who is considered the father of the Malawian nation?
Hastings Banda.
105
What modern country did Southern Rhodesia become?
Zimbabwe.
106
What modern country did Nyasaland become?
Malawi.
107
What modern country did Northern Rhodesia become?
Zambia.
108
Which military strategies characterized Phase 1 of South African anti-colonial resistance?
Violent armed confrontations such as the Zulu Wars and Boer Wars.
109
What characterized Phase 2 of South African anti-colonial resistance?
Political resistance through organized political parties and movements.
110
What characterized Phase 3 of South African anti-colonial resistance?
Successful nationalist movements leading to independence.
111
In which region did the anti-colonial struggles of Zulus and Boers occur?
Southern Africa.
112
Which international figure inspired the SANNC?
Mahatma Gandhi.
113
What year did Malawi and Zambia each gain independence?
1964
114
Which country gained independence in 1966?
Botswana.
115
Which was the last British African colony to gain independence?
Zimbabwe in 1980.
116
What election result enabled the implementation of apartheid?
The National Party’s victory in the 1948 election.
117
Which groups opposed the CAF?
The Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) and the United National Independence Party (UNIP).
118
What position did Tshekedi Khama hold in Bechuanaland?
Regent.
119
Which uprising in 1915 challenged colonial rule in Nyasaland?
The Chilembwe Uprising.
120
What central African territory did Chilembwe’s uprising occur in?
Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi).
121
What tactics characterized Boers’ success at Majuba Hill?
Superior mobility and marksmanship.
122
What was the sentence given to Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia Trial?
Life imprisonment.
123
Why was Hastings Banda jailed in 1959?
For leading protests against the Central African Federation.
124
What were the start and end years of the violent resistance phase?
1879–1902.
125
What were the start and end years of the political resistance phase?
1912–1948.
126
What were the approximate years of the successful nationalist movements phase?
1940s–1965.
127
Which phase included the Zulu Wars and Boer Wars?
The violent resistance phase.
128
Which phase saw the founding of the SANNC?
The political resistance phase.
129
Which phase saw the culmination of independence struggles?
The successful nationalist movements phase.
130
What was the primary economic goal of John Chilembwe?
Economic self-sufficiency for Africans.
131
What does UDI stand for in Rhodesian history?
Unilateral Declaration of Independence.
132
Which British colony controlled by BSAC included modern-day Zimbabwe?
Southern Rhodesia.
133
Which British colony controlled by BSAC included modern-day Zambia?
Northern Rhodesia.
134
Which British colony controlled by BSAC included modern-day Malawi?
Nyasaland.
135
What was Cecil Rhodes’s primary goal with the BSAC?
To extend British imperial control in southern Africa.
136
What was the main cause of the Ndebele rebellions?
Opposition to BSAC rule and exploitation.
137
Which event occurred first: Battle of Majuba Hill or the Chilembwe Uprising?
The Battle of Majuba Hill (1881) occurred before the Chilembwe Uprising (1915).
138
Which occurred later: Treaty of Vereeniging or founding of the SANNC?
Founding of the SANNC (1912) occurred after the Treaty of Vereeniging (1902).
139
Which occurred first: First Matabele War or Ngoni Revolt?
First Matabele War (1893) occurred before the Ngoni Revolt (1897).
140
Which occurred first: Second Matabele War or First Boer War?
First Boer War (1880–1881) occurred before the Second Matabele War (1896).
141
Which came first: the ANC Youth League's founding or the implementation of apartheid?
The ANC Youth League's founding (1944) came before the implementation of apartheid (1948).
142
Which country achieved independence first: Malawi or Botswana?
Malawi (1964) achieved independence before Botswana (1966).
143
Which country achieved independence first: Zambia or Zimbabwe?
Zambia (1964) achieved independence before Zimbabwe (1980).
