Southern Italy Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Where is Campania?
A
South of Lazio
Sits between the Mediterranean Sea and the Appennines
2
Q
What is the broad climate of Campania?
A
Warm mediterranean climate
3
Q
What is the main cooling influence on Campania?
A
Inland vines are planted on slopes with up to 600m altitude, providing a cooling influence
4
Q
What are the main hazards threatening the vineyards of Campania?
A
Most of the varieties are late ripening - so threatened by cold, rainy early autumns
Frost can be a problem when planted in frost pockets or valley floors
5
Q
What are the three main soils of Campania?
A
- Limestone and clay in the hills
- Volcanic and sandy around Naples
- Alluvial sediments between Naples and Benevento
6
Q
What are the soils of Fiano d’Avellino, Greco di Tufo and Taurasi DOCGs?
A
Limestone and clay
All DOCGS are located in the hills of Campania.
7
Q
Describe the soils of Campi Flegrei DOC.
A
Tuff, pumice and sandy soils, typically fast draining
8
Q
Where is Campi Flegrei DOC located?
A
Campania
Directly west of the city of Naples
9
Q
What styles of wine are made under the Campi Flegrei DOC?
A
The wines are made principally from the white variety Falanghina and the black Piedirosso (for reds and rosés).
10
Q
Where is Vesuvio DOC?
A
Campania
South of Naples, North of the Amalfi Coast
(The mountain of Pompeii).
11
Q
Lacryma Christi is a label used for which DOC?
A
Vesuvio DOC
12
Q
What varieties are mostly used in Vesuvio DOC?
A
Whites from Coda di Volpe
Reds from Piedirosso
13
Q
Where is Sannio DOC located?
A
The province of Benevento, Campania
14
Q
Describe the soils of Vesuvio DOC
A
Volcanic and sandy
15
Q
What is the most planted black variety of Campania?
A
Aglianico
16
Q
What is the most planted white variety of Campania?
A
Falanghina
17
Q
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Falanghina.
A
- Mid-late ripening
- Good disease resistance
- Fruit can begin to shrivel at the end of the season
18
Q
Describe a wine made from Falanghina.
A
The wines have medium intensity apple and white peach fruit with herbaceous notes (grass) and have medium (+) acidity. Nearly all wines are unoaked.
19
Q
Name two significant DOCs for Falanghina production in Campania and their max. yields.
A
Falanghina del Sannio DOC
Campi Flegrei Falanghina DOC
Both are 84hL/ha
20
Q
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Greco.
A
- Prone to grey rot and both powdery and downey mildews
- Low vigour and productivity
- Tolerant of heat and drought resistant.
*
21
Q
What are the max. permitted yields for Greco di Tufo DOCG?
A
70 hL/ha
22
Q
Where is Greco di Tufo DOCG?
A
Campania,
North east of Naples
23
Q
Describe a wine made from Greco.
A
The wines are deep lemon in colour, high in alcohol with an oily texture, with floral, stone
fruit and smoky notes. Most wines are unoaked and the best can age in bottle.
24
Q
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Fiano.
A
- Sensitive to both powdery and downey mildew
- Thick skins can resist botrytis
- Late ripening
25
What are the max. permitted yields for Fiano di Avellino DOCG?
70Hl/HA
26
Describe a wine made from Fiano.
Medium intensity floral, peach and hazelnut aromas and a waxy texture
27
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Aglianico.
* Early budding late ripening
* Requires a long season for tannins to ripen
* Vigorous
* Prone to botrytis, so vulnerable to rain late in the season
28
Describe a wine made from Aglianico.
Medium + to pronounced rose, red plum and blackberry aromas
High acidity and high tannins that can be softened with age (either in oak or in bottle)
29
What are the blending requirements for Taurasi DOCG?
Must be a min. 85% Aglianico
30
What are the max. permitted yields for Taurasi DOCG?
70hL/ha
31
What are the ageing requirements for Taurasi DOCG?
3 years of ageing, a min. of 1 of which must be in wood
(4years including 18 months in wood for Riserva)
32
Outline the winemaking practices of Taurasi DOCG.
* Wines are made with longer maceration - 20 days or more
* Aged in French oak barriques, or in the past, large format old casks
33
What are the biggest markets for Taurasi DOCG?
Sales are divided between Italy and exports with the USA being the biggest market
34
Where is the grape variety Piedirosso from?
Campania
35
What styles of wine does Piedirosso produce?
Pale ruby wines, with fresh, medium (+) acidity, medium tannins and red plum and red cherry fruit.
36
Where in Campania is Piedirosso mostly grown?
Around Naples (Campi Flegrei DOC and Vesuvio DOC) including the islands of Ischia and Capri
37
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Piedirosso.
* Adapted to heat and drought
* Open bunches with thick skinned berries - and so botrytis resistant
* Little troubled by powdery or downey mildew due to the dry climate of Campania
* Harvested late, but still produces wines of only 12-13%
38
How are Piedirosso vines typically trained in Campania?
Used to be trained very high with many bunches for high production.
Now producers are moving towards guyot or spurr cordons to achieve better quality fruit.
39
How are wines based on Piedirosso typically made?
* Partly used to make early drinking varietal wines - aged in stainless steel or some used old oak
* Partly used to soften Aglianico based blends
40
What are the biggest markets for Piedirosso based wines in Campania?
Markets are mostly local (local consumption, tourism etc)
Some international interest because of the interest in Volcanic wines
41
What are the most used vine training methods in Campania?
Guyot (Greco, Fiano, Piedirosso), Spurred Cordons (Greco, Fiano, Aglianico, Piedirosso) and cane pruned with VSP (Aglianico)
42
What are the two DOCGs of which Aglianico shines as a varietal wine?
Taurasi DOCG
Aglianico del Taburno DOCG
43
Name three significant producers of Taurasi DOCG.
Mastroberardino
Terradora
Feudi di San Gregorio
44
What are the blending requirements for Fiano di Avellino DOCG?
Must have a min. 85% Fiano
45
What are the blending requirements for Greco di Tufo DOCG?
Must have a min. 85% Greco with the acidic Coda di Volpe making up the remainder
46
What style of wines does Falanghina produce in Campania?
ry and sweet passito whites in the inland Falanghina del Sannio DOC.
47
Is Campania made up of mostly small producers or larger companies?
Larger companies
Producers such as Mastroberardino, Terredora and Feudi di San Gregorio have done much to rebuild the commercialisation and success of Campanian wine
48
Where is Basilicata?
Sits between Campania and Puglia
49
What styles of wine are mostly produced in Basilicata?
IGT wine
50
What is Basilicata's most important denomination?
Aglianico del Vulture DOC
51
Where is Aglianico del Vulture DOC?
Basilicata
To the east of Monte Vulture, an inactive volcano.
52
What is the most important variety of Basilicata?
Aglianico
53
What are the blending requirements for Aglianico del Vulture DOC?
Must be 100% Aglianico
54
What are the max. yields per hectare for Aglianico del Vulture DOC?
70hL/ha
55
Describe the soils of Aglianico del Vulture DOC.
Clay, limestone and volcanic (stony, lava, ash layers) soils
The volcanic soils provide excellent drainage while the clay and limestone hold water
56
What is the average annual rainfall for Basilicata?
550mm
57
Describe the climate of Basilicata.
* 550mm average annual rainfall
* Warm mediterranean with cooling influences from altitudes of up to 600m, and breezes from the Balkans
*
58
What are the max. permitted yields for Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG?
52hL/ha
59
What are the ageing requirements for Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG?
Min. 3 years of ageing, 1 year in wood
Riserva: Min. 5 years of ageing, 2 in wood
60
What are the biggest markets of Basilicata wines?
Divided by Italian sales and export markets, the biggest being the USA, Japan, China and Northern Europe
61
Name three significant producers of Aglianico Del Vulture DOCG?
Paternoster
Angelo
Elena Fucci
62
Where is Puglia?
The heel of Italy
Surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean
63
Describe the climate of Puglia.
Hot mediterranean climate
Moderating breezes from the sea
64
Why is Puglia well suited for high volume wine production?
It's hot mediterranean climate and low rainfall reduce the risk of fungal disease, soils are fertile and irrigation is permitted
65
What are the five most planted black varieties of Puglia.
* Sangiovese
* Primitivo
* Negroamaro
* Montepulciano
66
What are the two most planted white varieties of Puglia?
* Trebbiano Toscana
* Trebbiano Giallo
67
What three black varieties are typical of the region of Puglia?
* Primitivo
* Negroamaro
* Nero di Troia
68
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Primitivo.
* High yielding
* Early budding
* Prone to Spring frost and drought
* Susceptible to poor flowering, fruit set, uneven ripening
* Accumulates sugar easily and can achieve high alcohol levels
* Grapes have a tendency to dry on the vine as harvest approaches - can result in jammy flavours
69
When is Primitivo usually picked in Puglia?
August to avoid Autumn rain
70
How are Primitivo (Puglia) and Zinfandel (California) different?
The bunches of Primitivo are looser with smaller berries, giving them more resistance than Zinfandel in California
71
How is Primitivo typically planted in Puglia?
Older vines are typically bush trained and planted at low densities, creating shade and making use of the low rainfall.
Newer vines and those planted for high volume are trellised (cordon-trained or cane-pruned with VSP), for ease of mechanisation.
72
Describe the typical winemaking practices for inexpensive Primitivo from Puglia
* Warm fermentation temperatures
* Maceration on skins for 7-10 days
* Short ageing (around 6 months) in stainless steel or large casks
73
What are the two main DOCs for Primitivo in Puglia?
* Primitivo di Manduria DOC
* Gioia del Colle DOC Primitivo
74
What are the main requirements for Primitivo di Manduria DOC.
* Min. 85% Primitivo
* Max. permitted yield of 63hL/ha
* Riserva must be aged for 2.5 years including 9 months in wood, min. 14% abv
75
What are the main requirements for Gioia del Colle DOC Primitivo?
* Must be 100% Primitivo
* Max. yields 52hL/ha
* Riserva wines must be aged for min. 2 years and have min. 14%
76
Where is Negroamaro mostly planted?
On the eastern side of the Salento Peninsula
77
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Negroamaro .
* High yielding
* Good resistance to disease and drought
78
What is the most important DOC in Puglia for Negroamaro?
Salice Salentino Rosso DOC
79
What is the main DOC for Negroamaro in Puglia?
Salice Salentino Rosso DOC
80
What are the requirements for Salice Salentino Rosso DOC?
* Min. 75% Negroamaro, if the variety is on the label, min. 90%
* Max. yield 84hL/ha
* Riserva wines for min. 2 years with 6 months in large wood casks.
81
How are wines from Negroamaro typically made in Puglia?
* Macerated on skins for 7-10 days
* Aged in either stainless steel for a short time (6 months) for inexpensive wines or a year in oak for mid to premium wines.
82
What characteristics does Negroamaro contribute to the wine?
The wines have black plum and black cherry fruit, medium to high alcohol, medium acidity and medium (+) tannins.
83
What styles of wine is Negoamaro made into in Puglia?
Red wine blends
Rosato
84
Name two significant producers of Negroamaro in Puglia.
Agricola Vallone and Leone de Castris
85
Nero di Troia is also referred to as what?
Uva di Troia
86
Where is Nero di Troia mostly grown?
Central and middle parts of Puglia
87
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Nero di Troia.
* Late ripening
* Prone to downey mildew
* Requires a long season to fully develop - risk of autumn rain
* Berries on bunches ripen at different times requiring several passes in the vineyard.
88
What characteristics does Nero di Troia contribute to the final wine?
The wines have medium intensity red cherry and redcurrant fruit with a black pepper note,
high but fine-grained tannins and medium (+) acidity.
89
What is the most important denomination in Puglia for Nero di Troia?
Castel del Monte DOC and Castel del Monte Riserva DOCG
90
What are the max. permitted yields for Castel del Monte (Nero di Troia) DOC and Riserva DOCG?
91hL/ha
70hL/ha
91
What are the typical ageing practices for Castel del Monte Nero di Troia DOC and Riserva DOCG?
Usually aged in stainless steel for a short time, usually about 6 months
Riserva: Min. 2 years including 1 in wood
92
Where is Castel del Monte DOC?
Puglia
93
How much of Puglia's wine is classified as PDO?
Less than 10%
94
How much of Puglia;s wine is simply labelled 'wine'?
Around 60%
95
Is Puglia predominantly made up of smaller producers or co-operatives?
Co-operatives
96
What are the six most planted white varieties of Sicily?
Cataratto
Grillo
Inzolia
Grecanico
Pinot Grigio
Chardonn
97
What are the four most planted red varieties of Sicily?
Nero d'Avola
Syrah
Nerello Mascalese
Merlot
98
What are the five most planted (black and white) varieties of Sicily?
Cataratto
Nero d'Avola
Grillo
Syrah
Inzolia
99
What is the broad climate of Sicily?
Warm mediterranean (many areas have particular micro-climates)
100
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Cataratto.
High yielding and disease resistant
101
What does Cataratto contribute to the final wine?
Light intensity lemon and herbal notes
High acidity
Medium alcohol
102
Grillo is a crossing between which two varieties?
Cataratto and Moscato
103
Cataratto is a grape variety mostly planted where?
Sicily
104
Grillo is a grape variety mostly planted where?
Sicily
105
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Grillo.
High yielding, heat resistance, good disease resistance
Over exposure of bunches can lead to the loss of aromas
Must oxidises easily
106
What does Grillo contribute to the wine?
The wines are full bodied, medium intensity lemon and floral notes
Medium alcohol
Medium acidity
107
Name a champion producer of Grillo in Sicily.
Marco de Bartoli
108
What is Inzolia otherwise referred to as?
Ansonica
109
Where in Italy is Inzolia mostly planted?
Sicily
110
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Inzolia.
Medium - lemon fruit, medium acidity and medium bodied
111
Name two significant producers of the Inzolia grape variety in Sicily.
Valle dell’Acate and Principi di Butera
112
Catarratto, Grillo and Inzolia are local grape varieties of which region?
Sicily
113
Are Catarratto, Grillo and Inzolia produced as varietal wines or blended in Sicily?
Mostly blended with themselves or with Chardonnay
114
How are white wines (made from local varieties) typically made in Sicily?
White varieties, particularly Catarratto, Grillo and Inzolia are mostly blended with each other or with Chardonnay.
The wines are typically fermented at medium temperatures and aged in stainless steel for 6 months before bottling and early release to maintain primary fruit.
115
Where is Alcamo Bianco DOC?
North West Sicily
116
What is the primary grape variety for Alcamo Bianco DOC?
Min. 60% Catarratto
117
What are the max. permitted yields for Alcamo Bianco DOC.
84hL/ha
118
What is Moscato/Muscat of Alexandria known as locally in Sicily?
Zibibbo
119
Zibibbo is more often referred to as what outside of Sicily?
Moscato
Muscat of Alexandria
120
Why is Zibibbo/Moscato suitable for Sicily's climate?
Heat and drought resistant
Matches the intense sunlight, heat and drying winds on the island of Pantelleria, where it is mostly planted.
121
Where is Pantelleria?
Officially a commune of Sicily, but closer to Tunisia (Africa)
122
What is the primary grape variety of Pantelleria?
Zibibbo/Moscato
123
What are the three styles of wine made in Pantelleria DOC.
* Dry
* Late harvest
* Passito
All made from 100% Zibbibo
124
How are dry wines from Pantelleria DOC typically made?
Fermented in stainless steel, released early to retain aromatic Muscat character
125
Describe a Pantelleria DOC Passito wine
The passito wines are deep lemon in colour with pronounced aromas of cooked orange,
apricot and honey. They are sweet with high alcohol.
126
Name a significant producer of Pantelleria DOC.
Donnafugata
127
What is (by far) the most planted black variety of Sicily?
Nero d'Avola
128
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Nero d'Avola?
* Late ripening
* Fairly vigorous
* Susceptible to powdery mildew
* Can suffer from unevent flowering
129
Why are Nero d'Avola vines typically planted close to the ground in Sicily?
As a late-ripening variety, it is often grown close to the ground to maximise the heat, though it is an adaptable variety that also grows satisfactorily in damper, cooler sites
130
What does Nero d'Avola contribute to the wine?
The wines are medium to deep ruby in colour with red cherry to black plum fruit, medium (+) to high tannins and medium to medium (+) acidity.
131
What are the max. permitted yields for Nero d'Avola in the different Sicilian DOCs? (Range)
70-77hL/ha
132
What are the blending requirements for Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
50-70% Nero d'Avola (Calabrese)
30-50% Frappato
133
Where is Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
Sicily
134
What is Sicily's only DOCG?
Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG
135
What aromas does Frappato contribute in Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
Strawberry, herbal, and fresh red fruit
136
What are the max. permitted yields for Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
52hL/ha
137
Name two top producers for varietal Nero d'Avola wines in Sicily.
Gulfi and Feudo Montoni
138
Name two top producers of Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG.
Cos and Planeta
139
Where in Sicily is Nerello Mascalese grown for quality wine production?
Etna
140
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Nerello Mascalese.
* Early budding
* Yields vary every vintage due to coulure
* Late ripening*
* Prone to powdery mildew and botrytis
* Prone to sunburn if deleafed too early in the season, and can struggle to ripen if done too late
141
What are the typical maceration times for Nerello Mascalese in Sicily?
Relatively short maceration times due to high tannins (10-15 days)
However some producers (eg Graci) prefer long maceration times (30-90 days believing it softens tannins
142
Describe a wine produced from Nerello Mascalese.
Medium to pale ruby colour depending on level of extraction.
High intensity aromas and flavours of red cherry and violet with herbal early notes, high acidity, medium to high tannins and in the high end of alcohol.
143
What are the blending requirements for Etna Rosso DOC?
Min. 80% Nerello Mascalese
Max. 20% Nerello Cappuccio
144
What is the altitude range of vineyards grown on Mount Etna, Sicily?
400-1000m
145
What adds to the final price of Etna wines?
The best wines from Etna are grown from very old vines (60-100 years)
Most vineyards are on moderate to very steep slopes, requiring everything to be done by hand
146
What are the max. permitted yields for Etna Rosso DOC?
56hL/ha
147
What are the ageing requirements for Etna Rosso Rivera DOC?
Min. 4 years of ageing, 1 year in wood
148
Describe a wine made from Nerello Mascalese.
The wines are pale ruby in colour, with medium intensity red cherry fruit, high acidity and medium (+) to high tannins
149
What format of oak is typically used for Etna Rosso DOC?
Large, neutral oak casks or 500-600L barrels
150
Carricante is a primary grape variety of which DOC?
Etna Bianco DOC
151
What are the blending requirements for Etna Bianco DOC?
Min. 60% Carricante, but better producers use up to 100%
Those who do blend do so with Catarratto
152
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Carricante.
* Prone to common fungal diseases
* Grows successfully at high altitudes where black grapes would fail to ripen (up to 1000m)
* Can produce wines with high acidity (encouraged by high diurnal range of altitude provided by Etna)
153
How is Carricante typically handled in the winery in Sicily?
* Wines typically undergo MLF to reduce acidity
* Typically aged in old oak for added texture
154
What does Carricante contribute to wine?
Medium intensity lemon and green apple flavours
High acidity, medium alcohol
155
When was Sicilia elevated from IGT status?
2011
156
What are the max. permitted yields of Sicilia DOC?
white wines 91 hL/ha, red wines 84 hL/ha
157
What kind of businesses lead wine production in Sicily?
Sicily's wine production is led by a small number of large private companies (eg Planeta,
Donnafugata and Tasca d’Almerita)
158
Give an example of a co-operative of Sicily.
Settesoli
159
Outline the growth of the Sicilia DOC in the last decade.
* In 2021, it had 25,000 hectares and 720,000 hL, 43% of all packaged Sicilian wine.
* It has grown by nearly 600% since the first full year of production in 2013.
160
How much of Sicily's total vineyard area is certified organic?
27%
161
What is Assovini Sicilia?
The promotional organisation of Sicily, made up of 90 wine businesses.
Organises the annual Sicilian wine tasting of newly released wine (Sicilia En Primeur)
162
Where is Arianna Occhipinti located?
Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG, Sicily
163
Where is Tenuta Della Terra Nera located?
Etna DOC - Sicily
164
Where is Girolamo Russo located?
Etna DOC - Sicily
165
What is the name of Arianna Occhipinti's only DOCG wine?
Grotte Alte - Cerasuola di Vittoria DOCG
Occhipiniti's remaining wines are bottles under the Terre Siciliane IGP.
166
Describe the winemaking style of Arianna Occhipinti.
* Natural and biodynamic practices - certified organic
* Unfiltered wines, minimal sulfur
* Favours skin contact for whites, and long maceration times (up to 50 days) for the reds.
167
What are the two most important varieties of Sardinia, and what are they more commonly known as?
Cannonau (Grenache Noir)
Carignano (Carignan)
168
What is the most important white variety of Sardinia?
Vermentino
169
The varieties black Monica and white Nuragus are local to what Italian wine region?
Sardinia
170
Describe the climate of Sardinia.
Warm mediterranean with low rainfall during the growing season.
171
What is the main cooling influences on vineyards in Sardinia?
Altitude - most of Sardinia is hilly.
The sea breezes are warm and drying, so not necessarily a cooling influence
172
What are the most common vine training methods of Sardinia?
Bush vines.
Newer vineyards may have trellising (replacement cane with VSP or cordon-trained, spur-pruned
173
What is the most important DOC for Cannonou/Grenache Noir in Sardinia?
Cannonau di Sardegna DOC
174
Where is Cannonau di Sardegna DOC?
Grapes for this DOC can be grown anywhere on the island, although there is a more restricted classico zone encompassing two provinces.
175
What are the max. permitted yields for Cannonau di Sardegna DOC.
77hL/ha
176
What are the max. permitted yields for Cannonau di Sardengna Classico DOC?
63hL/ha
177
What are the ageing requirements for Cannonau di Sardengna Riserva DOC?
Min. 2 years, 6 months in wood
(12 months in wood for classico)
178
Name two producers of Cannonau di Sardegna DOC.
Sella & Mosca and Argiolas.
179
Outline the viticultural characteristics of Vermentino.
* Early budding - susceptible to spring frosts
* Prone to downey mildew and the european grape moth
* Mid ripening
* Grows best on sunny, exposed sites with poor soils
180
Describe a wine from from Vermentino.
The wines typically have medium intensity lemon and acacia aromas, with riper examples showing tropical fruit notes, a light to medium body with medium alcohol and medium (+) acidity.
181
How is Vermentino typically handled in the winery in Sardegna?
* Gentle pressing
* Short period of skin contact (24 hours)
* Fermentation at cool to mid temps in stainless steel
* Short period of ageing (3-4 months) in neutral containers on fine lees
* Some very good wines spend 6 months on lees for a fuller body
182
What are the most important PDOs for Vermentino in Sardegna?
Vermentino di Sardegna DOC
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
183
What are the max. yields per hectare for Vermentino di Sardegna DOC.
112hL/ha
184
Where is Vermentino di Sardegna DOC?
May be grown anywhere on the island
185
Where is Vermentino di Gallura DOCG located?
North east Sardegna
186
What are the max. permitted yields for Vermentino di Gallura DOCG?
63hL/ha
187
What is Sardinia's sole DOCG?
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
188
Where is Carignano/Carignan grown in Sardegna?
South west corner of the island
189
Why is Carignan suited for south-west Sardengna?
As a heat and drought resistant variety, it can thrive despite high summer temperatures, low rainfall and drying winds from the sea.
Low fertility sandy soils reduce the vine's vigour.
190
What is the main PDO for Carignan in Sardegna?
Carignano del Sulcis DOC
191
Where is Carignano del Sulcis DOC located?
South west Sardegna
192
How are vines typically trained in Carignano del Sulcis DOC?
Planted as bush vines - a requirement of the superiore category.
There are some vines that are planted ungrafted and up to 100 years old.
193
What are the irrigation rules for Carignano del Sulcis DOC?
Limited irrigation is permitted to allow vines to grow adequately in the period of vegetative growth but not assist them after véraison during the final ripening of fruit.
Two irrigation "reliefs" are allowed per year but not after August 15.
194
What are the max. permitted yields ofr Carignano del Sulcis DOC?
77hL/ha
195
What are the max. permitted yields for Carignano del Sulcis Superiore DOC?
52.5hL/ha
196
Outline the typical winemaking practices for Carignan in Sardegna?
For inexpensive wines
* 7-10 day maceratoin
* Warm fermentation
* Aged 3-4 months in cement/large oak casks
For mid-priced, premium wines
* 15 day maceration
* Warm fermentation
* Aged in french oak barriques for 12-18 months.
197
What are the ageing requirements for Carignano del Sulcis DOC Riserva and Superiore?
Min. 2 years including 6 months in bottle.
198
Name two producers of Carignano del Sulcis DOC.
Agricola Punica and Santadi.
199
How much of Sardina's total vineyard area is classified PDO?
2/3
