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SP Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sound

A

created when objects vibrte creating pressure changes in medium

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2
Q

frequency

A

number/sec a pattern of pressure change repeats/pitch measured in Hz

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3
Q

amplitude

A

height of wave, loudness measured in dB (higher the wave, louder the sound)

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4
Q

timbre

A

distinct quality of a sound

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5
Q

pathway of sound transduction

A

Pinnae→ ear canal→ tympanic membrane→ ossicles→ tympni & stapedius muscles→ oval window→ inner ear turns mechanical sound pressure to neural signals (cochlea)–> neural signals go to brain via aud nerve

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6
Q

cochlea

A

receives and analyzes signals for hair cells to interpret
triggers nerve impulses

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7
Q

role of hair cells

A

convert mechanical vib to electrial signals thats transmitted to CNS via aud nerve
they come out of organ of corti

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8
Q

hair cells location

A

out of organ of corti

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9
Q

how hair cells work

A

when cilia ge pressed over by a sound vibration in the cochlea, cells fire putting out neural code associated with sound heard

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10
Q

where cilia gets pushed has to do with

A

frequency/pitch

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11
Q

how hard it gets pushed has to do with

A

amplitude/loudness

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12
Q

place code

A

location of where cochlea is pressed/depressed is associated with diff freq we hear

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13
Q

tonotopic organization

A

map of aud cortex where different areas respodn to diff pitches

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14
Q

primary aud cortex

A

initial process of aud info

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15
Q

how to interpret an equal loudness curve and what they represent

A

Graph plotting sound pressure level against the frequency a listener perceives constant loudness. Det how loud each freq needs to be so they sound even.
shows the relationship between a frequency and volume of a sound

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16
Q

white noise

A

Blocks out extraneous sounds - Noise that has all audible frequencies in equal amounts. Useful for sleeping and to mask out important information

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17
Q

auditory localization cues

A

interaural time difference
interaural level difference

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18
Q

interaural time differnce

A

difference in time it takes for a sound to reach each ear (the sound will reach the ear that is closest to the source sooner than the ear that is further from the source)

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19
Q

interaural level difference

A

difference in the loudness or intensity of a sound as it reaches each ear

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20
Q

brain areas associated with processing differences

A

superior olive
medial SO
lateral SO

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21
Q

superior olive

A

inputs from both ears contribute to localization

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22
Q

medial SO

A

first place where inputs from both ears converge

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23
Q

lateral SO

A

neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the 2

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24
Q

cone of confusion

A

region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs
difficult to determine sound source

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25
pinnae and localization
helps collect and filter sound waves
26
complex sounds
energy @ many diff freq
27
fundamental freq
lowest freq in a harmonic series
28
harmonics
multiples of the fundamental freq
29
attack
how quickly sound starts, beginning of sound
29
sound envelope
how sound changes over time
29
methods for segregating sound sources
spatial segregation (det whether same source) spectral qual (sounds with same pitches grouped together) temporal qual (sounds heard close to each other tend to group with time) timbre onset
29
decay
after the attack, how quickly sound fades
30
auditory scene analysis
processing aud scene consisting of mult sound sources into separate images
31
how onsets similar to Gestalt law of common fate
when sounds begin at the same time, they appear to be coming from the same sound source
32
a beta
close pain gate and lock signals from other smaller diameter nerve fibers that transmit pain
33
a delta
fast (myelinated) localized signal abt pain (shar pain)
34
c fibers
slower (unmyelinated) less specific about pain (throbbing)
35
mechanoreceptors
touch
36
thermoreceptors
temp
37
4 types of mechanoreceptors
meissner corpuscles merkel cells pacinian corpuscles ruffini endings
38
meissner copruscles
low freq vibration and grasp stability
39
merkel cells
coarse texture and pattern
40
pacinian corpuscles
high freq vibration and fine texture
41
rufini endings
finger position
42
sensitivity
smallest raised element that can be felt on smooth surface
43
acuity
2 point threshold- min distance you can perceive 2 stim as separate
44
parts of the body that have higher/lower sensitivity and acuity
Highest: fingertips, toes, face Lowest: back, legs, feet
45
Dorsal column medial lemniscal (DCML)
signals from skin, muscles, tendons and joints. Travels to brain and crosses over through thalamus
46
somatosensory cortex
processes touch, temp, pain, position and movement
47
homonculus
maplike representation of regions of brain and body
48
thermoreception
signal info about change in temp
49
warm fibers
fire when skin temp rises
50
cold fibers
fire when skin temp decreases
51
main purpose of thermoreception
regulate internal temp
52
nociception
info about stim that could cause damage (pain)
53
a delta fibers
fast, sharp pain
54
c fibers
slow less specific about pain (throbbing)
55
special category of thermoTRP channels
activated by natural foodstuff
56
4 stages of pain relief
transduction, transmission, perception, modulation
57
transduction
: reduce activation of nociceptors
58
transmission
reduce transmission of pain signals along nerve pathway
59
modulation
altering brain’s interpretation of pain signals (CBT, relaxation, distraction)
60
transduction pain relief
topical creams and meds like NSAIDs
61
transmission pain relief
TENS, acupuncture, massage, heat/cold therapy
62
modulation pain relief
CBT, relaxation, distraction
63
gate control theory
Pain can be turned down before it even reaches the brain
64
Counter transmission in pain treatment
provide pain relief through electrical nerve stim
65
haptics
Knowledge from world involves exploring through touch We use it to grasp and manipulate options and to explore
66
ways of determining haptic inputs
Lateral motion, pressure hardness, temp, weight, grasp, following shape
67
chemical senses
Olfaction, gustation, and feeling of these senses like burning and cooling
68
role of olfaction, taste, trigeminal system, and flavor
We sniff and odorant molecules in our mouth travel to nasal cavity to give sensation of flavor
69
Orthonasal
sniffing through nostrils
70
retronasal
when odorant molecules in mouth travel through nasal can and give sensation of flavor
71
olfactory cleft
contains olfactory epithelium, the odor detector
72
olfactory bulb
contains olfactory sensory neurons
73
OSNs
small neurons under mucous layer that detect odorants
74
cribriform plate
thin structure in skull forms part in nasal cavity and allows for smell
75
olfaction
Odorant molecules enter the olfactory epithelium. Odorants bind to receptors located on cilia of on olfactory sensory neurons, causing action potentials. Action potential travels along olfactory nerve through the cribriform plate and converge onto glomerulus. Signal from glomeruli are then transmitted to primary olfactory cortex. Direct connections with the amygdala (emotion) and hippocampus (memory). Sends connections to the orbitofrontal cortex (conscious odor perception)
76
secondary pathway via trigeminal nerve and some examples of molecules that irritate it
Some odorant molecules can also stimulate the somatosensory system (touch, pain, temperature info) via receptors that activate the trigeminal nerve, which connects to the thalamus, then to the somatosensory cortex. Irritate: Alcohol (burning) Cinnamon (warming) Eucalyptus (cooling) Peppers (burning)
77
detection
determining stim is present (staircase method: stim presented in increasing concentrations until detected then decreased until detection ceases)
78
discrimination
telling difference between odors (triangle test:given 3 odors, odd one out)
79
recognition
ability to remember whether we’ve smelt odor before (measuring recognition: presented with odor and asked to identify it based off verbal list of descriptors)
80
adaptation
continuous exposure to odorant causes receptors to stop responding to it
81
cross adaptation
reduction in detection of subsequent odorants following adaptation
82
cog habituation
long term exposure to odorant and you’re not able to detect odorant (takes 2+weeks to return to ability to detect it)
83
odor signals sent straight to
cortex : Olfaction is the only sense that does not travel through the thalamus!**
84
papillae
have taste buds
85
microbill
project taste pore
86
insular cortex
main taste processing region
87
types of papillae
filliform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
88
filiform
do not contain taste buds. Sensitive to touch and texture
89
fungiform
basic tastes (sour, sweet, salty, bitter)
90
follate
basic tastes (back of tongue)
91
circumvallate
back of tongue, high concentration of taste buds, sensitive to bitter
92
taste pathway
Papillae have taste receptor cells, receptors in microvilli project to taste poor, taste afferents come together to become cranial nerves and send info to brain
93
insula
primary taste processing Taste sensations, texture, temp and responsible for conditioning taste aversion
94
Orbitofrontal cortex (taste)
integrates taste with other sensory, emotional and cog signals
95
5 basic tastes
Salty (cell signaling) Sour (detect acidic solutions that can harm body) Bitter (to detect poison) Sweet (glucose as energy) Fat and umami (glutamate is important neurotransmitter)

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