Spain Flashcards

Question

Malvasia

Answer 1

Full bodied Used in traditional oak aged Rioja a long side Viura Add richness to blend

Answer 2

Native to France Floral fresh & good acid (in low yields) Rioja & Catalunya Base for Cava

Answer 3

1.2million hectares -> larger in the world under vine! VERY low density planting -> 900-1,600 vines/ha ``` Bush vines (en vaso) *old vines 40+ -> yield low <20hl/ha ```

Answer 4

Vino de Mesa - (Table wine) Vino de la Tierra - (VdP/ IGT) VCIG, Vinos de Calidad con Indicacio Geographica. - (stepping stone) DO, Denominacion de Origen - (AOC) DO Pago - Star performer DOCa/ DOQ, Denominacion de Origen Calificada - Highest Standards

Answer 5

Table wine

Answer 6

Similar to VdP or IGT 40 of them

Answer 7

Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geographica Stepping stone to a higher quality level 5 years before promotion

Answer 8

Denominacion de Origen 60 of them Equivalent to AOC. Must satisfy grape varieties & Min quality, viti/ vini methods, location & style. -> all specified by Consejo Regulador. 10 years for promotion to DOCa/ DOQ

Answer 9

Outstanding single estate from a DO X 9 Must produce from own grapes

Answer 10

Denominacion de Origen Calificada X 2 Rioja 1991 Priorat 2003 (Duero expected 2008 but never happened) Highest standards set and controlled by Consejo Regulador. Ageing requirements -> JOVEN - bottle

Answer 11

- Spain is 3rd largest producer in the world (34.3mhl 2011) nearly double the US - 46% Table , 34% DO - > La Mancha contributes most with 47% of this. Catalunya 10%, Rioja 7% - 10,000 wineries - £1.5m exported (mostly to UK and Germany) - Cava contributes to most export (20%), Rioja (18%), La Mancha (10%)

Answer 12

200bc - Bush vines and foot trodden Until 19th - Carbonic/ Light & fruity 1852 - Luciano de Murrieta uses Bordeaux Oak -> ‘modern Rioja’. 1850/60’s - Camilo Hurtado (Marquis de Riscal) -> 1st industrial scale. 1860/70’s - Bordeaux flee phylloxera -> To Rioja-> Money & prep. 1901 - Rioja hit by phylloxera. (By which time Bordeaux recovered). 1926 - Consejo Regulador created -> delimited production zones 1960/70’s - Investment from foreign markets + Major motorway. 1991 - Rioja promoted to DOCa

Answer 13

(South Cantabrian)mountains -> protect from Atlantic wind & rain. Mediation from (Ebro river) Most vineyards on plateau @ (300-800m) Soils (Iron/ chalk rich clay) Alluvial & fertile in the east.

Answer 14

Continental Some cool maritime influence on Alta (warmer) and Alvesa Hotter & drier in Baja. (Mediterranean in East Baja) Rainfall is 300-500mm (Baja - Alvesa)

Answer 15

16,000ha Basque province (west Logrono, north Ebro) Cooler maritime, higher rainfall Chalk rich, south facing -> lighter body with finesse. Mostly Tempranillo (94%)

Answer 16

29,000ha ``` West of Logrono, South of Ebro Warmer maritime, drier. Higher elevation -> shorter growing season. Clay/ Red iron rich soils - Viura ❤️ clay - Tempranillo ❤️ iron - Malvasia ❤️ alluvial ```

Answer 17

25,000ha East of Logrono South of Ebro Continental/ Mediterranean in East Drought in summer (35C) Heavy clay ❤️ Garnacha *Baja -> deep colour, high alc, low acid. Moderate flavour intensity.

Answer 18

Red & rose (90%) of production Tempranillo - ❤️ Clay & limestone in Alvesa and Alta. 60/70% of blend. Garnacha - Drought resistant & high yields, prefers Baja. 20% of blend. Mazuelo/ Carignan - ❤️ Warmer climate. 10% of blend. Graciano - the last bit of seasoning. *since 2007 (Maturana tinta, Maturana, Monastrell).

Answer 19

10% of production Viura/ Macabeo Malvasia Garnacha Blanca - Tiny amounts -> adds weight and body to Viura based wines. *Since 2007- Verdejo, SB, Chardonnay, Maturana Blanca, Tempranillo blanco, Turruntes.

Answer 20

60,000ha Bushvines

Answer 21

*Aim is not defined by fermentation -> but by barrel maturation 225l barrels. Traditionally long, new American oak -> Vanilla (young) / Meaty (old) Modern wines -> darker, richer, more pronounced strawberry/ coconut/ toast. CRIANZA - Min 1 year in oak RESERVA - Min 1 year in oak GRAN RESERVA - Min 2 years in oak *rose is mainly garnacha and unaged.

Answer 22

Traditional -> deliberate oxidation w/ American oak. Nutty & savoury. (Lopez de Heredia) Modern -> low temp ferment & stainless steel. - Some French oak & barrel ferment experimentation. - Majority Viura & Malvasia (Chard & SB no more than 49%) CRIANZA - Min 6 months oak RESERVA - Min 6 months oak GRAN RESEVRA - Min 6 months oak

Answer 23

250m litres/ year from -> 500 bodegas buying directly from 20,000 growers Or via the 30 cooperatives that control 45% of grapes. 75% red 15% rose 10% white

Answer 24

Based in Logrono. - Growers, producers & merchants set the rules. - Keeps land register & monitors stock movement. - Laboratories in Haro & LaGuardia for testing before export. - Won a case in 2000 (mandatory bottling in region) - Enforced a Rioja ‘logo’ to support modernisation of Rioja wine marketing.

Answer 25

Marques de Riscal (4m bottles/ year) - Alvesa - Camille Hurtado -> Francisco Hurtado. - Ownes oldest Cab Sav in Rioja. - Signature ‘super Riserva Baron de Chirel’ (Cab Sav) Marques de Caceres (8.4m bottles/ year) - Alta - 1970 - No land -> Purchased fruit - Emile Peynaud & Michel Rolland influencial. Changed the face of Rioja. - Very modern Marques de Murrieta (1.5m bottles/ year) - Alta - 1852 - Luciano de Murrieta -> Cebrian family - Famous Castilla Ygay for Reds - White- Capellania, single vineyard, old vine Malvasia. Traditional Oaky. CVNE - Alta - 1879, one of the oldest bodegas. - Owned in Entirety by Real de Asia family. - 1990’s heavy investment. State of the art. - Vina Real (Alavesa temp) & Imperial Reserva ( Alta graciano & garnacha)

Answer 26

200bc - Romans grow and produce. 1890’s - Phylloxera 🔪98% Nav vineyards -> replant garnacha. 1980s/Now - Bulk wine (much rose) -> Quality/ private & Co-op w/ good bottling & labelling from EVENA research.

Answer 27

North of Rioja Baja Lower slopes of Pyrenees descending to Ebro basin. Brown/ grey limestone -> alluvial in Ribera Baja 5 Zones 1. ) Valdizarbe 2. ) Tierra Estella 3. ) Ribera Alta 4. ) Baja Montana 5. ) Ribera Baja (30% of vineyards)

Answer 28

Continental (long hot dry summers w/ cold winters) Atlantic influences in northern zone -> moderate heat & slow ripening. Average rainfall is 400-600mm

Answer 29

Reds & rose (95%) ``` Tempranillo (36%) Garnacha (32%) Cab Sav (13%) Merlot (11%) Graciano & Mazuelo ``` Whites (5%) Viura (4%) Chardonnay (1%) Garnacha Blanca & Moscatel

Answer 30

13,300ha Most are trellised -> mechanisation and maximum sun exposure High planting density High altitude frost and occasional storms.

Answer 31

Estacion de Viticultura y Enologica de Navarra EVENA -> a Research foundation located in Pamplona in old distillery. Pioneers work around soils, winemaking and bottling. Many plantings around the region -> varieties & experimentation

Answer 32

47m litres/ year 1/3 exported Light fresh rose and high quality red. (White limited) ``` Key producers- bodegas Julian Chivite - 1647 - first DO Pago 2007 - 75% of all exports until 80’s -> refurbished ``` Ochoa - 1847 - Small but dynamic - age worthy Gran Reserva + Navarra first Muscat. - Javier Ochoa directed EVENA for a few years.

Answer 33

Soils&top - Foothills of Pyrenees. - 350- 650m - Dark sandy clay (high in lime/ rich in alluvial) Climate - Cool continental, high diurnal - 500m rain Grapes - Moristel (light red, Logan berry, oxidises, for blending) - Cab Sav - Merlot - PN - Chard - Chenin - Gewürztraminer Viti - 4000ha - Hazards: winter freeze Styles - Jovenes from white/rose/Red - Macabeo/ moristel/ Garnacha. But let common. - More modern fruit driven French blends. Production - 93% by 3 wineries - Vinas del vinero - Enate - Bodegas Pirineos

Answer 34

Rocky plateau surrounded by hills -> protects from cool winds off Pyrenees. Red/ brown limestone Rocky subsoil High calcium carbonate and slate Continental, long hot summers (38c) -8 in winter ``` Garnacha (55%) Tempranillo (10%) Carinena (10%) Merlot & Syrah Macabeo (20%) Chardonnay & Paralleda ``` 17,000ha Trellising One of oldest DO in EU (1932) Traditionally high alc -> improvement in yields & techniques. Good quality inexpensive Reserva and gran Reserva.

Answer 35

Continental hot dry summers w/ 6 month cold winters + frost Arid 300-500mm rainfall SW of Carinena in region of Aragon South facing banks of Jalon river 550-800m Rocky brown limestone & loam over slate and gypsum Garnacha (80%) Tempranillo Viura 5,600ha DO since 1990 Low yields 20hl/ha Rich powerful Reds Recent investment in stainless steel & refrigeration for international crisp Viura. New oak. San Alejandro cooperative leads with well priced international style.

Answer 36

600bc - Phoenicians introduce Chardonnay 19th- One of first regions w/ mass production. Birth of Cava 1887. 1960/70s - Miguel Torres spearheads radical transformation (stainless steel, temperature control, international varieties) 1980s - Penedes overshadowed by Priorat Reds. Now - Still most important DO in Catalunya.

Answer 37

NE Spain SW of Barcelona Well drained, deep, port quality soils of MIOCENE sediments

Answer 38

Mediterranean Proximity to coast & 800m high terrain -> Varied microclimates Coastal very hot & dry Inland <900mm rain & frost

Answer 39

Baix Penedes - Coastal up to 250m - Hot Mediterranean. (Warmest of the three) - Sandy soil - Sturdy Garnacha, Carinena, Monastrell. Mitja- Penedes - 250- 500m. - More temperate climate. - Chalk and clay. - Centre for Cava -> Xarello, Paralleda & Macabeo - Ull de Llebre & Cab Sav Alt- Penedes - 500-850m - Cool continental -> like champagne -> cold nights and frost but w/ long sunny growing season. - Limestone - Chard, PN, Gewürztraminer, Riesling - Low yields

Answer 40

Reds (33%) ``` Ull de llebre Garnacha Monastrell Xarello Paralleda Macabeo ```

Answer 41

27,000ha DO since 91

Answer 42

Bodegas Torres (25m bottles/ year) - 1870 - 1,500ha (largest winery in Spain) - Famous by Miguel Torres Carbo (40/50’s) touring world/ promoting. Also pioneered estate bottling. - Son introduces modern viti/vini in 60’s - Estates & joint ventures Curico, Sonoma, China. Cordoniu - #1 for bottle fermented sparkling in the world. - Expanded into US and Douro. Freixenet - Largest exporter of Cava. - Feixeneda (plantation of ash trees owned by Pedro Ferrers family) - 150m bottles a year.

Answer 43

NE Spain SW Penedes Inland between Tarragona and Costers del Segre 500m Chalky Same grapes as Penedes ``` 5,800ha DO since 89 Older vines en vaso -> recent plantings trellised. Vineyards classes ‘experimental’ Irrigation allowed ``` Ultra modern-> instantly appealing. Most grapes used for Cava though. Fresh young whites from cava blend.

Answer 44

NE Spain West of Conca de Barbera Mountainous protection Sandy over limestone Semi-arid, extreme diurnal. Low rain (400mm) Same grapes as Conca & Penedes 4,000ha DO since 1988 Automatic irrigation @35C Winter frost Few producers but high quality. History linked to Raimat. Cordoniu/ Raimat 3,000ha. - Manuel Raventos invested in the derelict castle of Raimat. Big vineyard renovation between 1914 & 1978

Answer 45

12th - Carthusian monks founded priory of Scala Dei & introduced art of Viticulture to area. 1970s - Rene Barber saw potential -> Clos Magador -> friends follow. 1993 - Alvaro Palacios bottles L’Hermita (old vine Grenache) -> succesfully priced higher than Vega Sicilia.

Answer 46

SW Tarragona Isolated, Sparsely populated Surrounded by precipitous mountains. Terraced upto 700m asl. Unique volcanic rock - Licorella (red slate & mica) 50cm thick over bedrock of schist. - > Great challenge for vines. - Best near Gratallop.

Answer 47

Hot, dry continental -> cooler with altitude. Rainfall is 400mm High seasonal variation +35 -> -4

Answer 48

Reds (96% of plantings) ``` Garnacha 38% Carinena 25% Cab Sav 14% Syrah 11% (but growing) Merlot 6% ``` Whites (4% of plantings) Garnacha Blanca 2% Macabeo 1% Pedro Ximenez

Answer 49

1,800ha Very low yields (thick poor soils & hot climate) -> grapes very expensive Mechanisation is impossible. Traditionally En Vaso but newer Espaldera. Frost and Hail big problem.

Answer 50

Traditional Priorat - Low yielding Garnacha & Carinena + Long oak ageing w/ rancid & mushroom. - Deep, tannic, alcoholic. Modern wines - Local & international varieties. - Better control of oak. - Intense bramble, powerful tannins, oak and longevity

Answer 51

27,000hl dominated by cooperatives + 50 bodegas. 2nd DOQ in Spain (2003) Clos Mogador - Gratallops - Late 70s - 20ha - Tinto Reserve. - Garnacha, Cab sav, Syrah, Carinena - 16 months oak. Alvaro Palacios - Gratallops - World famous L’Hermita in 1993 (100yr Garnacha vines + Cab Sav) - Most sought after & expensive - 25ha + bought in grapes

Answer 52

Renowned for sweet in Roman times After 1960’s- reputation for coarse alcoholic Reds. Mediterranean w/ continental inland Alluvial soils in plains Dark soils w/ limestone in hills inland Upto 400m ``` Tarragona Campo (coastal) - easy and fruity Tarragona Falset (altitude) - Classico and easy drinking. ``` Modern red white and rose Rancios in demijohns (4yrs) Tarragona Classico (temp, 12yr, 17%) Sweets in vats/ cask / bottle 5-10 yr. Catalunya grape blend White (70%) Red (30%) 7,300ha DO since 1976 Traditionally En Vaso, but newer Espaldera. Minimal frost. *Cellar de Capcanes was first coop to drive quality w/ old vine Garnacha..

Answer 53

100bc - first wines made Middle Ages - Toro known all over thanks to King Alfonso IX 19th- phylloxera did not effect region so bad -> sandy soils. Extreme continental High diurnal -11 -> +30 Low rain 350mm 2,600 hours of sunlight Located up stream of Portugal. Province of Zamora. 650-750m high Alluvial Sandy w/ limestone sub Tinta de Toro (clone of Tempranillo) Garnacha Verdejo Viura ``` Reds - 100% Tina de a Toro, full bod, high alc, soft tan. 6mths oak/ 2yr ageing. Rose - 50/50 TdT & Garnacha Whites - 100% Verdejo 100% Malvasia ``` 6,000ha DO since 87 Bodegas Vega Sauco- American oak, intense colour and flavour. *Much outside investment.

Answer 54

11thC- first evidence of winemaking (Verdejo since 18th) 1890s- phylloxera 🔪 2/3 vineyards 1972- Arrival of Marques de Riscal from Rioja -> revolution. 1980- DO Created 600-800m flat plains. Duero flows west Iron rich w/ good drainage. Some chalk in the north. Continental cool evenings -> elegance Rains is 400mm 2,700 hours sunlight Strong wind Tinta del Paris -Clone of Tempranillo Verdejo Sauvignon blanc 7,600ha Most vineyards planted for mechanisation. But low trained from wind. Spring frost & hail Whites- harvested at night. Selection tables. Cold maceration. Temperature controlled fermentation. Min 50% Verdejo. Aromatic, peach, melon. Most production is white wine. Winemakers battle in court to keep DO 100% white. Vinos Blancos de Castilla. Undisputed pioneer in modern winemaking in Rueda w/ help from Emile Peynaud in 70’s. 1.5m bottles.

Answer 55

12th- Arrival of Benedictine monks from cluny. Birth of modern Vit. 1970/80s- Tradition of cheap rose overturned by quality driven Bodegas like Pasquera -> Began with elegance but more full bodied, concentrated and fruity. International interest. Flat high altitude around Cigales (700-800m) Best soils Limestone and large rocks for drainage. Continental tempered by altitude. High diurnal range. ``` Reds dominate (80%) Tinta fino (clone of Tempranillo) ``` Albillo 1% Pale skin full body aromatic low acid white. 21,00ha DO since 1982 8,000+ vine growers Spring frosts Styles: 100% Tempranillo (except Vega Sicilia). Not aged as long as Rioja. Deeper colour. Higher sweeter tannins. French oak. Vega Sicilia aged many years in cask/oak/vat/concrete. Premium. 73m bottles/ year 250 bodegas including: Vega Sicilia (2.3m bottles/ year) - 1864 (1900’s style defined, 1980s quality jump- Alvarez acquisition) - 200ha - Limestone (Tinto fino + 20% Cab Sav, Merlot, Malbec, Albillo) - Valbuena - 5yrs in American oak. Unico - only best vintages. 10yrs. Pingus - 5ha - Bordeaux trained Peter Sisseck. - Best terroirs & new oak only. - Parker acclaimed cult wine - Flor de Pingus 2nd Pasquera - Alejandro Fernandez, credited to creation of modern Ribera del Duero. - Robert Parker calls Petrus of Spain - 100% Tinto fino + American oak.

Answer 56

Borders Galicia Gentle slopes low altitude Protected from Atlantic influence by mountains Rich & fertile soils w/ quartz & slate. Climate is more balanced vs rest of Castilla y Leon. Less extreme continental Mencia - Similar to Cab franc. - Mineral crunchy red berry. Herbaceous & high acid. - Distinct dark fruit in old vine. - Best on well drained slate & granite Godello DO since 1989 All Reds must contain 75% mencia. Revived interest in the 90’s from Priorat producers. - Descendients de J. Palacios Old 15ha owned by Alvaro Palacios & nephew. Biodynamic.

Answer 57

1970s - Revival (formerly hybrids & cheap palamino) Helped by EU funding after joining EU in 86. Main DO in Galicia. Northern Atlantic/ NW Spain. 5x Sub zones, varied micro climates. E.g El Salnes, around Cambados w/ low rolling hills - Rocky & alluvial. Atlantic climate, mild temperatures & high rainfall (1,300mm) Wet winters and sea fog. High vintage variation affects prices. Whites dominate (90% production) Albariño (90%) - Native (almost extinct post phylloxera) Loureira blanca, Treixadura, Torrontes, Godello. 2,700ha DO since 1998 Vines trained along granite posts (parrales) and wires to protect from humidity & maximise sun exposure, Hazards: Dampness, coastal wind, frost, hail, summer heat. Rias Baixas DO must contain min 70% Albariño. To be drunk young. *experimental w/ some barrel fermentston. Martin Codax (1.5m bottle/ year) Reds- Caino Tinto -> Tart, acidic, perfumed.

Answer 58

South east coast, low altitude, higher inland. Clay soils on coast. Limestone inland. Most vineyards inland. Warm Mediterranean Mild continental inland. Reds- Tempranillo Bobal- deep colour/ high acid/ high tannin/ low alcohol (bulk) Monastrell, Garnacha, Cab Sav. Whites- Merseguera- Old spanish, vigorous, neutral. Moscatel Macabeo 17,000ha Low density En Vaso (cooler coastal) & en Espaldera (milder inland) Drought -> drip irrigation allowed. Move towards quality but mainly value for money. To be drunk young, 5 producers dominate

Answer 59

Inland hills of Valencia. Dark soils w/ high lime Permeable but poor organic Severe continental. +40 -> -10 (Long hot dry summers, cold winters) 450mm rainfall Mediterranean influence from coast + cooling Solano wind. Reds - Bobal 80% & native. Whites- Macabeo 40,000ha DO since 1957 Autumn frost and hail Mostly rose and sturdy young reds. Doble pasta -> double maceration for rose 100 wineries

Answer 60

Hills behind Alicante. South of Valencia. Alluvial soils w/ limestone sub. Hot Mediterranean Reds- Monastrell (mostly) Garnacha tinta, Tempranillo, bobal, Cab Sav. Whites- Moscatel Merseguera Plants fina 14,000ha En Vaso (due to heat) Frost inland Exports easy drinking whites, Reds, Rose & sweet Moscatel. *Fondillon - traditional naturally sweet late picked Monastrell (8yrs oak) 90% of production from poorly equipped cooperative. More quality producers - Bocopa (coop), Enrique Mendoza (Private)

Answer 61

South East, west of Alicante (sandwiched between Alicante and Jumilla) 400-800m high Sandy & clay high in carbonate w/ limestone sub. Mediterranean/ continental w/ long hot dry summers & mild winters. Very high summer temp 39C 3,000 hours sun 300mm rain Monastrell 85% of plantings Whites- Macabeo & Airen 20,000ha DO since 1975 Some untouched by phylloxera Hailstorms Carbonic maceration for JOVEN vines Only 3 bodegas bottle Bodegas Castano - quality driven.

Answer 62

West of Yecla. Half of vineyards part of La Mancha 700m high Hot dry sandy soil (no phylloxera until 80’s) Hot arid Mediterranean 3,000 hours sun 300mm rain Grapes same as Yecla (85% Monastrell, airen & Macabeo) 33,000ha DO since 1966 Replanting new varieties since phylloxera in 1980s * As 50% vineyards in La Mancha & 50% in Murcia -> DO is managed by Ministry of Agriculture and not local Consejo Regulador. Strong Reds, full bod, high alc, high tannin, dark fruit/ meat/ liquorice. Mostl Joven. Some crianza and Reserva. Reds & rosados must contain 50% Monastrell. Some sweet. One of country’s leading DO -> recognised high quality potential. San Isidro cooperative dominates. Torres also invested heavily.

Answer 63

1940’s- Production took off w/ arrival of cooperatives. 1986- Key topic in EU funding schemes. 500-700m high plateau. South of Madrid Most vineyards located in Ciudad Real. (One of 5 subzones) Dry/ hard/ shallow/ sandy/ clay Hot, dry, extreme continental -15 -> +45C Rain 300-400mm 3,000 hours of sun Whites (75%) Airen (50%) Macabeo Verdejo ``` Reds (25%) Cencibel aka Tempranillo (17%) Garnacha Syrah Cabsav ``` ``` 163,000ha (worlds largest wine region) DO since 1976 17,000 growers Low density, bush trained (leaves shade grapes from scorching sun) Recent move to pick earlier. Drought (irrigation since 96) ``` Stainless steel, cool fermentation. Neutral whites. Represents 50% of Spain’s harvest. Most exported to Germany and France. Tomelloso 1m bottles/ year.

Answer 64

Small enclave. South of La Mancha plateau. Surrounded by hills. Name means ‘valley of the rocks’ Limestone based, good water retention, some alluvial. Hot, dry, extremely continental -10 -> +40C Minimal rainfall Same grapes as La Mancha (Airen & Cencibel) 30,000ha DO since 1932 Newer plantations on trellises -> increase in production Modern winemaking -> temp control, stabilisation, filtration. Whites 100% Airen. Reds- carbonic / American oak Bodegas Real - 1.2m bottles/ year.

Spain Flashcards

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