Spanish Grammar Rules Flashcards

1
Q

Rules for masculine nouns

A

In broad generality, all nouns not fitting into the female categories and exceptions - plus the following.

Nouns of Greek origin, ending in “-ma” / “-ta” / “-pa”

el clima, el programa, el tema
el cometa, el planeta (but to confuse you: la dieta :-))
el mapa

Exceptions

el día (el mediodía) – day, daytime (noon)
el gorila – gorilla
el pijama – pajamas
el sofá – sofa
el tranvía – tram, streetcar
el yoga – yoga

Different gender, different meaning

Some words can be used as either feminine or masculine but this will change their meaning. Some examples:

masculine feminine
capital
cólera
coma
corte
cura
final
frente
orden
papa
parte
pendiente
pez capital
cholera
coma
cut
priest
ending
front
order
pope
message, report
earring
fish capital city
bile, anger
comma
court
cure
sports final
forehead
decree, holy order
potato
part, portion
slope, hillside
tar, pitch
Different gender, same meaning

Certain nouns, usually referring to people, can be used in the same meaning as either feminine or masculine, depending on who you refer to.

nouns ending in “-ista” (artista, florista, jurista)
nouns ending in “-crata” (aristócrata, tecnócrata)
amante – lover
cliente – client
guía – guide
idiota – idiot
modelo – model
soprano
testigo – witness

Feminine nouns with the article “el”

When a feminine noun begins with a stressed “a-“ or “ha-“ syllable, its singular form will have an “el” instead of “la” (and “un” instead of “una” as an indefinite article). In plural, it’s back to normal.

el agua, el alma, el asma
el habla, el hada, el hambre*
* doubly irregular: a noun ending in “-e” with the article “el” - and still feminine :-)

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2
Q

Rules for feminine nouns

A

Generally nouns ending in “-a”

la fruta, la mesa, la palabra

See Masculine for exceptions!

Nouns ending in “-dad” / “-tad” / “-tud”

la ciudad, la edad, la universidad
la amistad, la facultad, la libertad
la inquietud, la juventud, la virtud

Nouns ending in “-ción” / “-sión” / “-gión”

la canción, la estación, la lección
la profesión, la televisión, la tensión
la legión, la región, la religión

Nouns ending in “-ez”, as long as they refer to abstract nouns formed with suffixes

la rigidez – rigidity
la sensatez – soberness
la validez – validity
la vejez – old age, oldness

Nouns ending in “-triz”

la actriz, la directriz, la emperatriz

Nouns ending in “-umbre”

la costumbre, la incertidumbre, la legumbre

Shortened version of originally feminine nouns

la disco – la discoteca*
la foto – la fotografía
la moto – la motocicleta
la tele – la televisión
* but when it refers to a disk, it’s el disco
Nouns referring to women

la madre – mother
la mujer – woman, wife

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3
Q

Feminine noun exceptions

A

ending in “-d”
la merced – mercy
la pared – wall
la red – net
la salud – health
la sed – thirst
ending in “-z”
la cruz – cross
la faz – face
la luz – light
la nariz – nose
la nuez – nut
la paz – peace
la raíz – root
la vez – time, turn
la voz – voice
other
la filial – affiliate
la flor – flower
la imagen – image
la ley – law
la mano – hand
la miel – honey
la piel – skin
la sal – salt
la tribu – tribe
ending in “-e”
la base – basis
la calle – street
la carne – meat
la clase – class
la clave – clue
la corriente – current
la fe – faith
la fiebre – fever
la frase – saying, phrase
la fuente – source
la gente – people (!)
la leche – milk
la lente – lens
la llave – key
la mente – mind
la muerte – death
la nieve – snow
la noche – night, evening
la nube – cloud
la sangre – blood
la sede – headquarters
la serpiente – snake
la suerte – fate, luck
la tarde – afternoon
la torre – tower

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4
Q

Stress & Acents

A

Stressed syllable When Example
last _words ending in a consonant _ encontrar,usted

last but one words ending in a vowel dibujo, planeta
words ending in -s or -n origen, entonces

indicated by an accent mark in every other case
séptimo, corazón, jamás, preguntó

Accent mark

Apart from indicating an irregular place of stress, there are other uses of accent marks.

They differentiate between words with the same spelling but different part of speech (word class):

example: como - cómo; si - sí; el - él

When “u” or “i” is paired with another vowel, they form a diphthong. Accent mark is used to indicate an exception to this - when “u” or “i” should be considered as a separate vowel and syllable.

example: policía; oído; actúo; grúa

The disappearing accent mark

The use of accent mark in a word is not necessarily static. An affix can change the relative location of stress and an irregular emphasis may turn regular (or the other way round).

león in plural: leones
interés in plural: intereses
huracán in plural: huracanes

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5
Q

Present tense conjugation

A

Present tense – El presente

yo canto bebo vivo
tú cantas bebes vives
él canta ** bebe** vive
nosotros cantamos bebemos vivimos
vosotros cantáis bebéis vivís
ellos cantan beben ** viven**

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6
Q

Imperfect tense conjugation

A

Imperfect tense – El pretérito imperfecto

yo cantaba bebía vivía
tú cantabas bebías vivías
él cantaba bebía vivía
nosotros cantábamos bebíamos vivíamos
vosotros cantabais bebíais vivíais
ellos cantaban bebían vivían

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7
Q

Simple past tense conjugation

A

Simple past – El pretérito indefinido

yo canté bebí viví
tú cantaste bebiste ** viviste**
él cantó beb viv
nosotros cantamos bebimos vivimos
vosotros cantasteis bebisteis vivisteis
ellos cantaron bebieron vivieron

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8
Q

Shortcut for gender of nouns

A

loners & dijion

word ends in: l, o, n, e, r, or s – it’s likely masculine

word ends in: d, i, a, or sión – it’s likely feminine

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