Special Considerations for Small Animal Anesthesia

Question 1

what can considerations affect?

Answer 1

drugs
necessary equipment
monitoring
supportive care
minimum database

Question 2

which species are important in considerations?

Answer 2

cats
rabbits

Question 3

what are the unique risk factors for cats?

Answer 3

extremes of weight
intubation
fluid therapy
unique metabolism

Question 4

why are cats technically more difficult to intubate than dogs?

Answer 4

smaller larynx
prone to laryngospasm
cannot open mouth as wide/less space in mouth to visualize

Question 5

what are some tips to successfully intubate a cat?

Answer 5

make sure sufficiently deep
spray vocal cords with lidocaine
spend time watching rhythm of vocal cords with breathing pattern
intubate with inspiration
consider using flexible stylet

Question 6

what does the doppler reading for blood pressure in a cat correlate with?

Answer 6

between systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure

Question 7

what can anesthetic agents cause in cats?

Answer 7

hyperthermia

Question 8

what are the risk factors for rabbits?

Answer 8

difficult intubation
difficult catheterization
high surface area to weight ratio
high resting heart rate
prey animals
respiratory infections common

Question 9

what should you treat bradycardia in rabbits with?

Answer 9

glycopyrrolate

Question 10

what is special about brachycephalics that impacts anesthesia?

Answer 10

airway
cardiovascular
gastrointestinal
musculoskeletal

Question 11

what are the components of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome?

Answer 11

elongated soft palate
stenotic nares
hypoplastic trachea
everted laryngeal saccules
aberrant nasopharyngeal turbinates

Question 12

what is special about brachycephalics’ cardiovascular systems?

Answer 12

high vagal tone

Question 13

what are the anesthetic goals for brachycephalics?

Answer 13

avoid airway obstruction
avoid aspiration

Question 14

what dog breeds have considerations to take into account?

Answer 14

herding breeds
doberman pinschers
sighthounds
giant breeds

Question 15

what should be considered with aging?

Answer 15

perceived sensitivity and increased vulnerability to side effects
alterations in many physiologic parameters affect care
consider from body systems perspective

Question 16

what is geriatric?

Answer 16

animal has lived 75% of expected lifespan

Question 17

what is cardiac output dependent upon in pediatrics?

Answer 17

heart rate

Question 18

what are pediatrics at increased risk for due to their respiratory system?

Answer 18

hypoxemia

Question 19

why are pediatrics prone to hypoglycemia?

Answer 19

limited glycogen stores

Question 20

what are dosage requirements like in pediatrics?

Answer 20

decreased from adults

Question 21

what are geriatric patients at greater risk for due to their respiratory systems?

Answer 21

hypoventilation
hypoxemia

Question 22

what changes in the renal system of geriatric patients?

Answer 22

decreased cortical mass and functional nephrons
decreased GFR and renal blood flow
decreased response to anti-diuretic hormone

Question 23

what is the hepatic system like in geriatric patients?

Answer 23

decreased liver mass and hepatic blood flow
enzyme function well maintained
decreased metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

Question 24

which procedures have special considerations?

Answer 24

urgent or emergency
trauma
ocular procedures
dental
endoscopy

Question 25

should you give NSAIDs to trauma patients?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

what should you consider giving in the pre-med for ocular procedures?

Answer 26

anticholinergic

Question 27

which endoscopy procedures can be very stimulating?

Answer 27

rhinoscopy upper GI

Question 28

which medications should be stopped prior to anesthesia?

Answer 28

ACE inhibitors anticoagulants

Question 29

what is the mortality rate for cats under anesthesia?

Answer 29

0.11%

Question 30

what is the mortality rate for rabbits under anesthesia?

Answer 30

0.73%

Question 31

what drugs do cats sometimes require higher doses of than dogs?

Answer 31

sedatives anesthetics not opioids- lower

Question 32

should you preoxygenate a rabbit?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

why is an elongated soft palate a problem?

Answer 33

epiglottic entrapment thickened soft palate macroglossia

Question 34

what percentage of brachycephalics have GERD/regurgitation when they are awake?

Answer 34

84%

Question 35

why would you use an anticholinergic in a brachycephalic during premed?

Answer 35

high vagal tone due to chronic upper airway disease

Question 36

what is the most significant risk with pediatrics due to?

Answer 36

maybe their size more than their age

Question 37

what is the pediatric cardiovascular system like?

Answer 37

limited ability to increase heart rate or inotropy cardiac output is heart rate dependent low pressure system

Question 38

what can you use in pediatrics to avoid decreases in heart rate?

Answer 38

anticholinergics

Question 39

what are pediatric respiratory systems like?

Answer 39

high minute volume more compliant chest increased oxygen consumption

Question 40

when does hematopoiesis begin?

Answer 40

4 weeks of age

Question 41

how much of pediatric blood is fetal hemoglobin?

Answer 41

60-70%

Question 42

why is thermoregulation important in pediatrics?

Answer 42

large surface area to volume ratio poikilothermic lack adequate fat stores warmth is analgesic to newborns anesthesia and hypothermia

Question 43

why do pediatrics have decreased dosage requirements?

Answer 43

increased volume of distribution decreased plasma albumin decreased hepatic function decreased renal function immature blood brain barrier

Question 44

when should alpha2 agonists be avoided in pediatrics?

Answer 44

before 8-16 weeks

Question 45

which drugs should you avoid before 8 weeks in pediatrics?

Answer 45

alpha2 agonists many injectables NSAIDs

Question 46

what are geriatric cardiovascular systems like?

Answer 46

increased incidence of disease decreased compliance decreased maximal heart rate decreased maximal cardiac output

Question 47

why are geriatric patients at greater risk for hypothermia?

Answer 47

decreased skeletal muscle mass decreased basal metabolism

Question 48

what is the blood of geriatrics like?

Answer 48

decreased plasma proteins decreased total body water decreased muscle mass +/- increased lipid fraction decreased volume of distribution for most drugs

Question 49

how should you avoid an increase in intraocular pressure?

Answer 49

smooth induction and recovery avoid emesis avoid neck restraint avoid drugs that cause

Question 50

which medications should be stopped?

Answer 50

ACE inhibitors anticoagulants

Question 51

what should you do for presumptive MMVD?

Answer 51

maintain high normal heart rate and inotropy and low normal afterload

Question 52

what should you consider in hepatic disease?

Answer 52

delayed drug metabolism? hypoalbuminemia hepatic blood flow coagulopathy

Question 53

what drugs should you not use in diabetic patients?

Answer 53

ketamine alpha2 agonists with caution

Question 54

which drugs should you avoid in pregnancy?

Answer 54

ketamine benzodiazepines opioids prior to delivery NSAIDs prior to delivery