Special Emphasis

Question 1

What does positive aircraft control mean?

Answer 1

Positive Control means you are undeniably the sole controller of the aircraft. You know you are in control because of PIC designation at the beginning of the flight , or the Three point exchange.

Question 2

How do you practice positive exchange of flight controls?

Answer 2

“Your controls, My controls, Your controls”, “My controls, Your Controls, My controls” This is important so it is always known exactly who is flying the plane.

Question 3

What is Situational Awareness (SA)?

Answer 3

Knowing exactly what the circumstances of the flight are, both inside and outside the aircraft.

Question 4

Why is loss of SA dangerous?

Answer 4

Loss of Situational Awareness is dangerous because this means you are ignorant of vital information needed to keep the flight safe.

Question 5

What problems might occur if a pilot were to fixate on one source for information and ignore other sources?

Answer 5

Fixation will result in loss of SA because you are not scanning and could miss possible indications from other instruments that are important to flight.

Question 6

What resources are available to maintain SA?

Answer 6

Resources available: Instruments, Visual Scan, GPS,iPad, Charts, ATC…

Question 7

What does collision avoidance mean?

Answer 7

Remaining vigilant in scanning so that you are never so close to another airplane/vehicle/object/etc as to make a collision hazard.

Question 8

Who is responsible for collision avoidance?

Answer 8

The PIC is responsible for collision avoidance.

Question 9

What measures can you take to to reduce the risk of collision?

Answer 9

Adhere to all rules and ATC instructions, maintain a good scan, ATC assistance, copilots, good communication.

Question 10

What is wake turbulence?

Answer 10

Air vortices that spiral off of a wing as a byproduct of lift.

Question 11

Where might wake turbulence be encountered?

Answer 11

Can be encountered anywhere behind another aircraft, but most commonly experienced on approach and departure and airport environment.

Question 12

Explain how wake turbulence occurs and the effect of other aircraft.

Answer 12

Air vortices spiral up and around wing tip edges, rotating inwards towards the plane. They drift with the wind, and a light quartering tailwind is when they are most likely to remain on runway.

Question 13

When is wake turbulence at its greatest?

Answer 13

When an aircraft is Heavy, Clean, and slow.

Question 14

How do you avoid wake turbulence?

Answer 14

On Approach, stay above preceding aircraft’s flight path and land beyond its touchdown point.On Departure, lift off before preceding aircraft’s rotation point, and stay above flight path( or ask atc for an early turn). Or ask ATC if you can wait 3 minutes before departing to let it clear.

Question 15

What is a LAHSO?

Answer 15

Land And Hold Short Operations: When an aircraft is to land on a runway, and stop prior to reaching an intersecting runway. They can be issued whenever there are intersecting runways. PIC always has final authority in accepting LAHSO, but once accepted, PIC MUST follow it.

Question 16

Where might you encounter a LAHSO?

Answer 16

Any airport with intersecting runways.

Question 17

What is a runway incursion?

Answer 17

An occurrence on the runway environment involving aircraft, vehicles, people, or objects that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation for takeoff or landing traffic.

Question 18

What are some examples where a pilot might be more likely to have a runway incursion?

Answer 18

Unfamiliar airport, poor communication, poor visual scan, not briefing taxi, or not planning ahead, not knowing where hotspots are…

Question 19

What is CFIT?

Answer 19

Controlled Flight into Terrain- When a perfectly good aircraft that is actively controlled is flown into terrain.

Question 20

What resources help reduce the risk of CFIT?

Answer 20

ATC, Good Scan, iPad, NAVAIDs, GPS, Good planning, check weather, review elevations and minimums

Question 21

What is ADM?

Answer 21

Aeronautical Decision Making-ADM is required when a change or problem occurs, and the pilot has to make a decision based on that change.

Question 22

What factors are involved in the ADM process?

Answer 22

Factors include severity of problem (engine failure vs MFD failure), situation at time of change (on approach at 200agl vs cruise flight at FL180), pilots attitude and response time ( long day of flying fatigued vs first flight of the day/well rested)

Question 23

What is the DECIDE model?

Answer 23

D: Detect that a problem has arisen,E: Estimate the need to react,C: Choose desired outcome,I: Identify the course of action required to reach outcome,D: Do that action,E: Evaluate the effect of the action

Question 24

What is the 3P model?

Answer 24

Perceive the problem,Process the impact on flight safety,Perform by implementing the best course of action,

Question 25

What are hazardous attitudes?

Answer 25

Mindsets which can affect the safety of flight.

Question 26

Cite examples of hazardous attitudes.

Answer 26

Resignation (Im not useless)Macho (taking chances is foolish)Invulnerability (it could happen to me) Anti authority (follow the rules, they're usually right) Impulsivity (not so fast, think first)

Question 27

What is risk management?

Answer 27

Proactively identifying safety hazards and mitigating associated risks.

Question 28

What is the PAVE checklist?

Answer 28

P: Pilot (IMSAFE)A: Airplane (Required equip ARROW,AV1ATES)V: enViroment (NWKRAFT)E: External Pressures (business trip, showing off)

Question 29

What is IMSAFE checklist?

Answer 29

I: IllnessM: MedicationS: StressA: AlcoholF: FatigueE: Eating/Emotion

Question 30

What is SRM?

Answer 30

Single Pilot Resource Management- Effectively managing all resources available to the single pilot to secure a successful flight.

Question 31

What are some on board resources for SRM?

Answer 31

Instruments, GPS, iPad, charts, etc

Question 32

What are some outside resources for SRM?

Answer 32

Visual references, ATC other pilots, briefer

Question 33

How does task management relate to SRM?

Answer 33

During SRM workload can increase and get high, so good task management must be maintained in order to maintain Situational Awareness.

Question 34

Provide examples where workload is high and task management is most critical.

Answer 34

Approach, Departure, unfamiliar airport, hot spots, high traffic areas

Question 35

Why are checklists important?

Answer 35

Checklists if followed properly assure that the proper steps have been taken for a particular phase of flight. Standard checklists should be followed. Emergency checklists, depending on the situation, should be memorized and only consulted when safety is assured. Checklists come from the POH.

Question 36

As PIC, how do you handle distractions in flight?

Answer 36

If a distraction is one that affects the safety of flight, and is one that the PIC can control, it should be stopped or removed. If the distraction is not able to be controlled, PIC should focus on flying the aircraft and land as soon as possible if necessary. If one tries to distract the PIC during a critical phase of flight, PIC should say "As PIC, I require a sterile cockpit."