Special Q3-8 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Name types of joints:
1) Simple - 2 bones (shoulder, hip)
2) Complex - 3 or more (knee, radiocarpal)
3) Synovial - covered by articular cartilage (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, shoulder, hip joint)
4) Fibrous joint - skull (immovable)
5) Cartilaginous joint - ribs (genu costa), pubis symphysis
Name types of changes of joints:
1) Soft tissue changes
2) Non-align joint
3) Joint space changes
4) Luxation
5) Arthritis
6) Synovial osteochondromas
7) Periosteal reactions
8) Osteolytic disease
9) Proliferative joint diseases
Types of soft tissue changes in joints:
swelling, ruptured ligament, damage to cartilage, gas around the joint
Causes of non-align joint:
trauma, developmental limb deformity, degenerative diseases
Types of joint space changes:
Increased, decreased, irregular
Arthritis is an inflammation of:
The synovial membrane
Osteolytic disease is:
incomplete ossification in young and abnormal ossification in adult animals
Proliferative joint diseases are associated with:
Osteoarthritis
What are osteophytes?
New bony formations in the joint spaces caused by trauma or pathology.
What are enteziophytes?
New bony formation at the attachment of a ligament or tendon.
Characterize arthrosis:
Chronic, degenerative joint disease.
- Degeneration of articular cartilage with change in the bony, articular surfaces
- Development of marginal osteophytes
- Deformation of the joint and development of moderate synovitis
What can be causes and radiological signs of arthrosis?
- Secondary to hip dysplasia, patellar luxation and osteochondritis.
- Trauma, joint instability or conformational defects
Signs: synovial effusion, perichondral osteophyte formation, enteziophyte formation, subluxation
Characterize Legg-Calves Perthes disease and cause:
Avascular/aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck.
Caused by restricted blood supply –> necrosis –> patchy osteolysis and collapse.
Genetic, uncommon in toy breeds.
Radiographic signs of Legg-Calves Perthes disease:
View: frog-legged (flexed VD)
* Decreased bone opacity, loss of rounded contour of femoral head, becomes cranially flattened
* Wider joint hip space, shallow acetabulum - subluxation
Characterize the knee joint (Stifle joint):
Bones, joints, view and symptoms.
Art. genu
3 bones: femur, patella, tibia
- Femuropatellar joint
- Medial femorotibial joint
- Lateral femorotibial joint
Standard view: mediolateral, lateral oblique, craniocaudal
Assess for: swelling, mineralization in soft tissue, size/shape of intrapatellar fatpad
Luxation of the patella is diagnosed by:
Palpation and radiograph
Characterize medial patellar luxation (include causes):
Common in small breeds.
4 grades of severity.
Causes:
- Malformation of the femoral trochlea
- Poor alignment distal femur and proximal tibia
- Malalignment of the quadriceps muscle
Radiological signs of medial patellar luxation:
Mediolateral view:
- patella is absent from trochlear groove, superimposed on femoral condyles
- medial displacement of patella
- hypoplasia of medial femoral condyle
- shallow trochlea
Characterize lateral patellar luxation:
Primarily in large and giant dog breeds.
Usually associated with genu-valgum deformity, result in ‘‘knock-knees’’ formation of tibia and femur.
- Selective arrest of normal skeletal development
- Bowing of knees –> forcing knees together
- Associated with rapid growth of distal femoral epiphyseal plate and the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate exceed metabolic or nutritional supply
Characterize infrapatellar syndrome in knee joint:
Increased synovial mass in knee joint –> decreased fat pad
Caused by combination of inflammatory response, oedema and compression.
- Post-traumatic knee morbidity
— Primarily: associated with healing, pathological fibrous hyperplasia anterior in the knee
— Secondary: prolonged immobility/lack of extension associated with knee surgery
Characterize hip dysplacia:
Inherited, non-congenital developmental disease.
Results in laxity of the hip joint and secondary osteoarthritis.
Environmental and genetical factors.
Radiological findings in hip dysplacia:
a) Laxity: subluxation, femoral head laterally, reduced Norberg angle (less than 105*)
Normally centre of the femoral head lies medial to the dorsal acetabular rim, with over 50% coverage of the femoral head.
b) Secondary osteoarthritis: Morgan’s line = first sign of osteoarthritis (curvilinear osteophyte on the femoral head).
- Osteophyte formation around femoral head and neck (mushroom shape)
- Chronic: remodelling of femoral head and acetabulum
Radiological views and screening methods in the evaluation of hip dysplacia:
Position 1 = lateral
Position 2 = VD extended - coxofemoral joint
- hind leg fully extended
- minimum 2 lumbar vertebrae
- hip joint
- knee joint
- knee joints rotated inwards so patella is located over the cranial surface
- pelvis must be symmetrical, without pelvic rotation
- similar size and shape of foramina obturatoria
- femur parallel to spine
Sedation/anaesthesia, left and right markers, animal min 12 months old, large dogs over 18 months old
Flückliger classification of hip dysplacia:
Swizz system:
- grading and scoring system
- more objective evaluation
6 parameters:
1. Norberg angle
2. Acetabular coverage of femoral head
3. Cranial acetabular border
4. Subchondral sclerosis of cranial border
5. Femoral head and neck
6. Morgan line
