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Physiology > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

sensory system

A

sensory receptors
nerve pathways

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

peripheral end of afferent neuron
two types:
- on afferent
- on receptor cell (synapses with afferent)

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3
Q

transduction

A

in response to a stimulus, receptors generate receptor potentials (graded potentials) that can initiate action potentials → travel into CNS

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4
Q

chemoreceptor

A

respond preferentially to chemical signals
oxygen, pH, various organic molecules

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5
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

respond preferentially to mechanical changes
pressure, cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, sound

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6
Q

photoreceptor

A

respond preferentially to photons of light

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7
Q

thermoreceptor

A

respond preferentially to temperature/heat

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8
Q

nociceptor

A

respond preferentially to noxious stimuli
pain, itch

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9
Q

properties of stimulus

A

modality
location
intensity
duration

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10
Q

modality

A

type of stimulus
each type of modality has a specialized receptor

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11
Q

location

A

identified by receptive fields
different sizes of receptive fields and stimulus location
dependence of two-point discrimination on receptive field size and number

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12
Q

lateral inhibition

A

increases contrast between active receptive fields and inactive neighbours
increases the brain’s ability to localize a sensory input
exact location

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13
Q

intensity

A

population coding
frequency coding

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14
Q

population coding

A

number of receptors activated

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15
Q

frequency coding

A

frequency of action potentials

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16
Q

duration

A

coded by duration of action potentials

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17
Q

phasic receptor

A

rapidly adapting
some chemoreceptors (olfactory)

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18
Q

tonic receptor

A

slowly adapting
fire rapidly when first activated, then slow → sustained firing as long as stimulus is present
proprioceptors, nociceptors

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19
Q

somatic receptors

A

initiate sensation from skin, skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, and joints

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20
Q

somatic senses

A

touch
temperature
pain
itch
proprioception

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21
Q

skin receptors

A

somatic receptors
contain:
- Meissner’s corpuscle
- Merkel’s corpuscle
- Free neuron ending
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Ruffini corpuscle

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22
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor
touch and pressure

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23
Q

Merkel’s corpuscle

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor
touch and pressure

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24
Q

free neuron ending

A

slowly adapting
include nociceptors, itch receptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor
vibration and deep pressure

in dermis

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26
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor
skin and stretch

in dermis

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27
Q

nociception, temp, + coarse touch pathway

A

primary afferent synapses with secondary afferent in the spinal cord → crosses the midline
ascends through medulla to thalamus → synapses with tertiary neuron → primary somatic sensory cortex

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28
Q

fine touch, vibration, + proprioception pathway

A

primary afferent ascends from spinal cord to medulla
synapses with secondary afferent in the medulla → crosses the midline → ascends to thalamus → synapses with tertiary neuron → primary somatic sensory cortex

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29
Q

central control of afferent information

A

descending input can change intensity of stimulus received from sensory receptor by affecting secondary neurons

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30
Q

visual perception

A

eye - focuses visual image + responds to light
neural pathways

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31
Q

phototransduction

A

pathways interpret signals + transform visual image into pattern of graded and action potentials

32
Q

optic disk (blind spot)

A

where neurons join into the optic nerve

33
Q

macula

A

round area at center of retina - back of eyeball

34
Q

fovea

A

central part of macula
has highest concentration of photoreceptors = region of sharpest vision

35
Q

refraction

A

caused by bend in cornea
lens focuses visual image on retina → projected image is upside down
visual processing reverses image

36
Q

accomodation

A

eye adjusts shape of lens to keep objects in focus

37
Q

in focus

A

relaxed ciliary muscles
tension on zonular fibers
flattened lens

light rays from distant objects are nearly parallel

38
Q

out of focus

A

relaxed ciliary muscles

light rays from near objects diverge
focal point is formed past eye

39
Q

in focus - near object with accomodation

A

firing of parasympathetic nerves
contracted ciliary muscles
slackened zonular fibers
rounded lens

40
Q

myopia

A

difficulty seeing far objects
corrected with concave lens

41
Q

hyperopia

A

difficulty seeing near objects
corrected with convex lens

42
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity of the lens resulting in the inability to accommodate for near vision
>40 years of age

43
Q

astigmatism

A

surface of lens or cornea is not smoothly spherical
results in distorted images

44
Q

glaucoma

A

damage to retina due to increased intraocular pressure

45
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of the lens
may develop as a result of aging, metabolic disorders, trauma, or inheritance

46
Q

organization of retina

A

photoreceptors pass sensory information to bipolar cells → pass info to ganglion cells

photoreceptors + bipolar cells = only graded responses (do not contain v.g. channels for action potentials)

47
Q

ganglion cells

A

form optic nerve → leaves eye at optic disk
first cells in the pathway where action potentials are initiated

48
Q

interneurons in retina

A

horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells

49
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that function in low light conditions

50
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that function in bright light
colour vision

51
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensitive only to narrow range of wavelengths
= limited vision

52
Q

ON pathway

A

glutamate receptors of bipolar cells are inhibitory GPCRs
light depolarizes bipolar cells = excitatory NT release → depolarizes ganglion cells

53
Q

OFF pathway

A

glutamate receptors of bipolar cells are excitatory ionotropic receptors
light hyperpolarizes bipolar cells

54
Q

absence of light

A

in both ON and OFF pathways:
photoreceptors are depolarized = release of glutamate onto bipolar cells

55
Q

presence of light

A

glutamate release from photoreceptors declines = depolarization of ON bipolar cells → excitatory NT release → depolarization of ON ganglion cells
= increase frequency of action potentials in the brain

56
Q

coexistance of ON and OFF pathways

A

improves image resolution
increases brain’s ability to perceive contrast at edges or borders

57
Q

neural pathway for vision

A

eye → optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → LGN in thalamus → visual cortex in occipital lobe

58
Q

binocular zone

A

where left and right visual fields overlap

59
Q

monocular zone

A

portion of visual field associated with only one eye

60
Q

audition

A

based on:
- physics of sound
- physiology of ear
- nerves
- brain processing regions

61
Q

sound

A

movement of air molecules → zones of compression (high density) and rarefraction (low density)

62
Q

pitch

A

frequency
number of cycles (waves) per second

63
Q

loudness

A

amplitude of waves

64
Q

sound transmission

A

tympanic membrane deflects
middle ear bones move
membrane in oval window moves
basilar membrane moves
membrane in round window moves

65
Q

frequency vibrations

A

high frequency sounds vibrate basilar membrane near the oval window (closes to ear)
low frequency = near helicotrema (furthest from ear)

66
Q

hair cells

A

stereocilia bend (move from smallest to largest) - open K+ channels
depolarization of cell = NT released from hair cell

repolarization of cell by bending in opposite direction

67
Q

primary sensory neurons in auditory pathway

A

project to medulla oblongata from cochlea
via cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

68
Q

secondary sensory neurons in auditory pathway

A

project to both sides of the brain so both sides get signals from both ears
synapse in nuclei in midbrain and thalamus before projecting into auditory cortex

69
Q

localization of sound source

A

requires simultaneous input from both ears

70
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

no transmission through either external or middle ear

71
Q

central hearing loss

A

damage to neural pathway in CNS between ear and cerebral cortex
or damage to cortex (by stroke)

72
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to structures of inner ear
most common
old age, damage to hair cells by loud noises

73
Q

hearing aid

A

amplifier placed in auditory canal which activates existing auditory machinery

74
Q

cochlear implants

A

externally located audio sensor receives input and activates electrodes → physically stimulate cochlear nerve

75
Q
A

Physiology (12 decks)

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