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PHYS: UNIT 2 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Coding

A

Stimulus E into relevant info for CNS

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2
Q

Stimulus characteristics

A

Intensity, location of body it affects, type of input

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3
Q

Stimulus Modality

A

Stimulus Type

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4
Q

Examples of stimulus

A

Heat, cold, pressure, light, sound, there is a specialized receptor for each

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5
Q

Sensory receptors

A

At ends of afferent neurons

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6
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Initiate action potentials that travel to CNS

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7
Q

5 major classes of sensory receptors

A

Mechano, pressure
Thermo, temp
Photo, light
Chemo, taste
Noci, pain

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8
Q

Receptor potential

A

Changes in ion flow change membrane potential, Stronger the stimulus, the greater the reaction potential

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9
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Repeated stimuli lead to less sensitivity

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10
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Enable localization of a stimulus site for some sensory systems
Higher contrast between center and outside

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11
Q

Lateral inhibition enhances…

A
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12
Q

Sensory signals are subject to mods

A

Yup!
From other ascending neurons, pathways from the brain, synapse from afferent neurons, interneurons

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13
Q

Divergence

A
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14
Q

Convergence

A
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15
Q

Association cortex

A
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16
Q

Areas that are more sensitive have…

A
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17
Q

Factors that affect perecption

A
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18
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A
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19
Q

Merle’s corpuscle

A
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20
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A
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21
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A
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22
Q

Free neuron ending

A
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23
Q

Reffered pain

A
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24
Q

Free neuron ending

A
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25
Q

Hyperalgesia

A
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26
Q

Can pain be altered by past experiences/emotion?

A

Yup! It can also be altered by suggestion and simultaneous activation

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27
Q

Analgesia

A

Selective suppression of pain without effects of consciousness or other sensations

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28
Q

Pain relief

A

Stim, las drogas, opioids, acupuncture, TENS

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29
Q

The eyes are composed of two things

A

Optical (focuses image) and neural (transforms visual image)

30
Q

Sclera

A
31
Q

Pupil

A
32
Q

Iris

A
33
Q

Lens

A
34
Q

Cornea

A
35
Q

Ciliary muscle

A
36
Q

Lacrimal gland

A
37
Q

Retina

A
38
Q

Rods

A

Shades of gray in dim light
Contains (rhodopsin which absorb dim light)
Gray Roblox rod

39
Q

Cones

A

Allow us to see bright light
Contain photopsin (absorb bright colored light)

40
Q

Frequency

A
41
Q

Wavelength

A
42
Q

Amplitude

A
43
Q

Higher frequency light

A

Shorter wavelengths higher E

44
Q

Lower freq light

A
45
Q

Refraction

A
46
Q

Corrective lenses…

A
47
Q

Ganglion cells

A
48
Q

Bipolar cells

A
49
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A
50
Q

Pigment epithelium

A
51
Q

Visual info to the brain

A

Light reaches eye
Lens refracts light and projects onto retina
Retina converts to neural signal down optic nerve
Optic nerves from each eye converge to optic chiasma
Optic chiasma sorts info
(left info sent to right side of brain and v.v)

52
Q

Some visual info goes to occipital lobes, but not all…

A

Brain stem and cerebellum

53
Q

Light perceived as white…

A

Mixture of all wavelengths while black is the absence of all light

54
Q

The Organ of Corti

A

Converts sound E to neural impulses using cilia

55
Q

Why does an object appear the color it does?

A

It absorbs some light and reflects the color that it is

56
Q

Audition (hearing)

A

Based on physics of sound and physiology of the ear, air is the most common media

57
Q

There is no sound in a vacuum

A

True

58
Q

How does the body determine the position of the head?

A

The cochlea is filled with fluid that moves around

59
Q

Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with inter neurons in the…

A

Brain stem

60
Q

Neural pathway in hearing

A

Cochlear nerve fibers>brain stem>thalamus>auditory cortex(temporal lobe)

61
Q

How do we know our position? (Laying down, sitting etc)

A

Orientation of semicircular canals (vestibular system)

62
Q

Vestibular information is used…

A

Control eye movement
Posture and balance
Body position awareness/spatial info

63
Q

Vestibular Pathway

A

Vestibular nerve fibers>
Brain stem> thalamus > vestibular centers in parietal lobe

64
Q

Chemical senses

A

External chemicals bind to chemoreceptors for taste and smell

65
Q

Gestation

A

Tasting by taste buds

66
Q

Purpose of microvilli

A

Increase surface area and transducer chemicals into receptor portential

67
Q

Basal cells

A

At bottom of taste buds and divide to continuously replace taste cells

68
Q

To enter taste buds, food..

A

Is dissolved in liquid, saline or otherwise

69
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Location of olfactory receptor neurons in nasal cavity

70
Q

How long do olfactory nerves live?

A

2 months

71
Q

Where do odor molecules bind?

A

Receptor proteins on cilia

72
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Axons of the neurons from nasal cavity

PHYS: UNIT 2 (4 decks)

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