Special Senses

Question 1

what protects the eye

Answer 1

eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal gland = tear secretion

Question 2

where is the optic chiasm located

Answer 2

directly infront of/above the pituitary gland

Question 3

what is the optic tract

Answer 3

optic nerve pathway

Question 4

what is the functions of tears

Answer 4

wash away irritating materials
protect against infection
prevent drying of conjunctiva

Question 5

what is made up of the lacrimal apparatus and its role

Answer 5

secrete and drain tears
1 lacrimal gland + ducts
2 lacrimal canniculi
1 lacrimal sac
1 nasolacrimal duct

Question 6

what is the tear journey through the lacrimal apparatus

Answer 6

lacrimal gland: exocrine, lateral aspect of the eye in the frontal bone. which secretes tears via the lacrimal duct: water, salt, immunoglobulins and lysozyme
tears drain into the lacrimal cannaliculi separated by the carnicle
tears then drain into the nasolacrimal duct which opens into the NC

Question 7

is the retina photosensitive

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

what are the photosensitive nerve cells called

Answer 8

rods and cones

Question 9

what do rods do

Answer 9

dim the light

Question 10

what is the blood supply of the eye

Answer 10

ciliary arteries, central renal artery and central retinal vein

Question 11

what does the extrinsic eye muscle do

Answer 11

controls eye movements
4 rectus muscles allow, U, D and lateral oblique allows side to side

Question 12

what does the intrinsic eye muscles do

Answer 12

involuntary
controls the amount of light that enters the eye

Question 13

what are the three parts of the ear

Answer 13

external
middle
internal

Question 14

what does the external part of the ear do

Answer 14

collects sound waves and channels them inwards

Question 15

what does the middle part of the ear do

Answer 15

conveys sound vibrations

Question 16

what does the inner part of the ear do

Answer 16

houses the receptors for hearing and balance

Question 17

describe the ear pathway

Answer 17

ear canal -> ear drum -> cochlea + eustachian tube

Question 18

what do the ceruminious glands do

Answer 18

secrete cerumen [wax] which contains lysozyme and immunoglobulins
prevents foreign materials from reaching the tympanic membrane [ear drum]

Question 19

where is the cochlea found

Answer 19

inner ear

Question 20

what are the three parts of the cochlea

Answer 20

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

Question 21

what contains auditory receptors

Answer 21

supporting cells and cochlea hair cells

Question 22

what does the semi circular canals do

Answer 22

provide information on the head position so we are able to maintain balance, posture, focussing on both eyes
NO AUDITORY FUNCTION

Question 23

what are the semi circular canals composed of

Answer 23

a bony outer wall, inner membrane tubes

Question 24

what impulses relate to the semi circular canals

Answer 24

from the cerebellum, eyes and sensory receptors are coordinated and efferent nerve impulses pass to the cerebrum and skeletal muscles

Question 25

what do sound waves travel in

Answer 25

pitch and volume loud noises cause damage to the sensitive hair cells of the spiral organ

Question 26

describe structures that sound waves travel to

Answer 26

tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window -> cochlea -> vestibulocochlear nerve -> primary auditory cortex

Question 27

where is the origin of smell

Answer 27

NC

Question 28

where are the specialised olfactory nerves [chemoreceptors] found

Answer 28

in the roof of the NC above the superior nasal conchae

Question 29

what are the sensory receptors of taste called

Answer 29

chemoreceptors

Question 30

where is sweet taste found on the tongue

Answer 30

tip

Question 31

where is salty taste found on the tongue

Answer 31

tip

Question 32

where is sour taste found on the tongue

Answer 32

sides

Question 33

where is bitter taste found on the tongue

Answer 33

back

Question 34

how does taste come about

Answer 34

signals travel along the medulla oblongata, some signals are projected to the hypothalamus and the LS and some to the thalamus

Question 35

what can smell and taste trigger

Answer 35

salivation and gastric secretion chemoreceptors are also triggered when a foreign substance travels the body

Question 36

where are the olfactory and optic nerves found

Answer 36

cerebrum

Question 37

where are the 10 cranial nerves found minus O&O

Answer 37

BS

Question 38

olfactory nerve

Answer 38

smell

Question 39

optic

Answer 39

return info from retina to brain

Question 40

oculomotor

Answer 40

innovates extraocular muscle movement, eye movement and upper eyelid movement

Question 41

trocochlear

Answer 41

operates superior oblique eye muscles, ONLY MOTOR SIGNALS

Question 42

trigeminal

Answer 42

general sensory nerve of head

Question 43

facial

Answer 43

serves taste buds, on upper 2/3 enables facial muscle movements

Question 44

glossopharyngeal

Answer 44

serves posterior 1/3 taste buds

Question 45

abducens

Answer 45

side to side eye movement

Question 46

vestibulocochlear

Answer 46

hearing and balance

Question 47

hypoglossal

Answer 47

tongue movement

Question 48

accessory nerve

Answer 48

spinal and cranial sections, motor nerve stimulating neck muscle movements

Question 49

vagus

Answer 49

taste buds in throat, stimulates muscles in chest that aid digestion

Question 50

what are the cranial nerves

Answer 50

O,O,O,T,T,F,G,A,V,H,A,V

Question 51

what are the three layers of eye tissue

Answer 51

1. outer fibrous = sclera + cornea 2. middle vascular = choroid + body 3 inner nervous tissue = retina

Question 52

labyrinthitis

Answer 52

origin: ear caused by infections symptoms: vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, pain and puss

Question 53

cataracts

Answer 53

origin: eye causes visual impairments due to the opacity of the lens symptoms: vision changes and eye colour changes

Question 54

trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 54

origin: facial nerve caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve symptoms: ++ pain, burning sensation

Question 55

acoustic neuroma

Answer 55

caused by a benign tumour between the middle ear and brain symptoms; hearing loss, balance issues, headache

Question 56

SCC (pinna)

Answer 56

surgery, topical chemo, RT RT = 45Gy in 10 with electrons

Question 57

acoustic neuroma treatment

Answer 57

watch and wait surgery SRS VMAT = 50Gy in 30

Question 58

ocular melanoma treatment

Answer 58

surgery, cyrotherapy, brachytherapy [radioactive disc on the eye]

Question 59

retinoblastoma symptoms and treatment

Answer 59

eye bulging, vision changes eye removal, chemo, RT 40-45Gy in 20-25

Question 60

risks of ocular melanoma

Answer 60

skin and hair type atypical mole syndrome primary acquired melanosis UV exposure blue eyes

Question 61

ear cancer risks

Answer 61

fair skin UV exposure middle ear: repeated infections, prior RT and HPV inner ear: unknown

Question 62

ear cancer presentation

Answer 62

lump in canal face weakness ear bleeds tinnitus headache visible mass [skin only] discharge pain hearing loss

Question 63

ear treatment

Answer 63

surgery chemo RT

Question 64

what is ear primary treatment

Answer 64

surgery removal of: ear canal part or all of temporal bone middle ear inner ear LN around ear if not all tumour removed RT is needed

Question 65

what cancer type is common in inner ear

Answer 65

adeno carcinoma

Question 66

where are most ear cancers invasions from

Answer 66

parotid cancers

Question 67

what is T1 ear cancer

Answer 67

middle ear, no face numbness, not in nearby bone

Question 68

T2 ear cancer

Answer 68

grown outside area, numbness or is affecting nearby bone

Question 69

T3 ear cancer

Answer 69

grown into nearby SG (PG) or base of skull

Question 70

what do chemoreceptors detect

Answer 70

environment changes and stimulate changes to maintain homeostasis

Question 71

what are chemoreceptors important in

Answer 71

respiration and circulation (measure CO2)

Question 72

where are chemoreceptors found

Answer 72

medulla oblongata and nose