Special Senses Flashcards by Donna Hernandez

T/F receptors for the special senses are anatomically distinct from one another

True

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T/F Smell and Taste are chemical senses that involve interaction of molecules with receptors

True

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Impulses from smell and taste propagate to the _________ system

Limbic system

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A __________ is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential

chemosensor/chemoreceptor

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T/F there are between 1-1,000 receptors for olfaction

False, there are btwn 10-100 million. Olfactory basil cells do not last very long and women tend to have more esp during menses and pregnancy

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3 kinds of Cells for Smell are —

Olfactory - 1st order bipolar neurons
Supporting Cells - Columnar epithelium mucous
Basal Cells - produce new olfactory cells, live approx 1 month

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__________ glands are in the connective tissue that supports the epithelium. They produce mucous which moisten surface and dissolve odorants

Bowman’s Glands

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Branches of the ________ Nerve innervate the supporting cells and olfactory glands. They stimulate ________ glands.

Facial Nerve (VII); Stimulate lacrimal glands (produce tears from pepper and ammonia)

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Humans can recognize about ________ different odors. There are _________ of “primary” odors.

10,000; hundreds of primary

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T/F All Special senses have a high threshold

False, they all have a LOW threshold for an attenuation process, allowing for higher adaptation decreasing in sensitivity.

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There are aprox. ______ olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone. _____ or so bundles form right and left olfactory Nerve (I). They terminate below —–

20 olfactory foramina; 40 or so bundles CN(I); They terminate in the olfactory bulbs - below the frontal lobes of the CEREBRUM - odor ID.

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___________ sensations are the ONLY sensations that reach the cerebral cortex w/o 1st synapsing in the thalamus

Olfactory

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___________ is the reduced ability to smell. This can be caused by smoking, age increase, head injuries, medications or gender.

Hyposmia - - women have a keener sense of smell

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Effects of smells on our psychology and their associations of the brain are known as ___________

Aromatherapy

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T/F Our sense of smell serves as a survival function to help us select non-poisonous foods

True

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There are 5 primary tastes —

Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Salty and Umami (earthy/mushroom taste)

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T/F There is a tongue map to help decipher different tastes

False, contrary to popular belief, responsiveness to the five taste is present in all areas of the tongue

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There are approx _______ taste buds. The 3 kinds of Epithelial Cells in taste buds are….

10,000; 1. Supporting, 2. Gustatory Receptor (last about 10 days) and 3. Basal Cells - stimulate growth of more gustatory cells

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Supporting cells in taste buds surround approx _______ gustatory receptor cells.

50 (Gustatory receptor cells synapse with 1st order neurons)

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The ______ ______ also known as microvillus, projects thru the taste pores

gustatory hair

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_______ Cells are stem cells at the periphery of the taste bud. They produce supporting cells which will develop into gustatory cells.

Basal Cells

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There are 4 types of taste buds found in elevations on the tongue — 1. __________ papillae, 2. ___________papillae, 3. __________ Papillae and 4. __________ Papillae

Vallate papillae - 12 very large circular at V-shaped row at back of tongue (100-300 taste buds) 2. Fungiform Papillae - over entire surface (5 tastebuds), 3. Foliate Papillae - lateral margins (these tastebuds degenerate in early childhood), 4. Filiform Papillae - entire surface - for friction - no taste buds - move food

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__________ are chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptors. They dissolve in saliva. They generate action potential with gustatory hairs and in turn trigger nerve impulses with 1st order neurons

Tastants

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________ ions in Salty foods enter the gustatory receptor cells via _____ channels in the membrane

Sodium ions; Na+ channels

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__________ ions in Sour tastants flow in through ____ channels

Hydrogen ions; H+ channels

_______, ________ and _________ tastants DO NOT enter gustatory receptor cells. They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and trigger 2ND messengers in cell.

Sweet, Bitter and Umami

The threshold for ______ substances is the lowest, esp since poisonous substances are usually ______.

Bitter; Bitter

The threshold for ________ substances is somewhat higher than bitter.

Sour

The threshold for ______ and ______ substances are similar and higher than the others

Salty and Sweet

Complete adaptation of a taste can occur in _____ if continuous stimulation

1-5 mins

Three Cranial nerves contain axons for the gustatory pathways - - -

Facial Nerve (CN VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue, Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) - posterior 1/3 of tongue, and Vagus Nerve (CN X) - buds in throat and epiglottus

Gustatory impulses propagate to the gustatory nucleus in the _______ ________

medulla oblongata

Some axons carrying taste signals project into the _______ system and the __________. Others project to the __________ to the primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the _______ _______

limbic system and hypothalamus; thalamus; parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

More than half of the sensory receptors in the human body are located in the ______

eyes

Gamma Rays, X-Rays, UV Rays, Visible light, Infrared radiation, Microwaves and Radio Waves are known as _________ ________

Electromagnetic Radiation (waves that radiate from the sun)

The colors of the Electromagnetic Spectrum are ---

ROYGBIV (lowest - highest) - Red (Lowest Freq - 700nm), Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet - (highest freq - 400 nm)

Wavelengths from short to long are as follows - - -

Gamma rays - shorter than a nanometer | Radio waves - greater than a meter

T/F White reflects all wavelengths and Black absorbs all wavelengths

True

Eyelids, Eyelashes, Eyebrows, Lacrimal Apparatus and Extrinsic Eye Muscles are all _________ Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures

The __________ or eyelids shade the eyes during sleep. The upper eyelid contains _________ palpebrae superiorus muscles and is more movable than the lower.

Palpebrae; Levator palpebrae superiorus muscle

The ________ ________ is a small, reddish elevation on the medial border & contains sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

lacrimal caruncle

The _________ glands are embedded in the eyelids and secrete fluid that prevents eyelids from adhering to each other. Infection of the glands produce a cyst known as ________ or bulbar conjunctiva/bloodshot /pink eyes

Meibomian glands; Chalazion (harder to get rid of than a sty)

________ _______ glands are located at the base of the eyelash follicles. They release a lubricating fluid into the follicles. Infections of these glands result in a _____

Sebaceous ciliary glands; sty

Lacrimal Gland to Lacrimal ducts to superior or inferior lacrimal canal to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity is known as the _____ of _____

flow of tears

___ extrinsic eye muscles move each eye. Sup rectus, inf rectus, med rectus and inferior oblique are controlled by CN____, Sup oblique by CN ____ and Lateral rectus by CN ____

6 extrinsic eye muscles; CN III - Oculomoter, CN IV - Trochlear and CN VI - Abducens.

The Scleral Venous Sinus is also known as the ______ of_______

Canal of Sclemm (At junction of sclera and cornea) - aqueous humor drains into this sinus.

T/F Only 1/6 of the eye surface area is exposed.

True, consists of three layers - 1.Fibrous Tunic (superficial - anterior cornea and posterior sclera), 2. Vascular Tunic (middle layer) and 3. Retina

The _________ is a curved transparent coat that covers the colored iris and helps to focus light. The central part receives oxygen from the outside air.

Cornea

The _______ is the "white" part of the eye and gives shape to the eyeball. It makes it more rigid , protects the inner parts and serves as site of attachment for extrinsic eye muscles

Sclera

The ________ _______ is the middle layer of the eye and consists of three parts....1. ______, 2. _____ _____ and 3. _______, gives you your eye color

Vascular Tunic; 1. Choroid - contains melanocytes/produce melanin, 2. Ciliary body (anterior - provides bend and aqueous humor/involuntary ANS) and 3. Iris (colored portion)

The ________ contains circular smooth muscle for constriction and radial smooth muscle for retraction/dilation

Iris(shaped like a flattened doughnut) btwn cornea and lens

A principle Fx. of the ______ is to regulate amount of light entering the eyeball thru pupil

Iris

Circular smooth muscle of the Iris controls ________ (Sphincter Pupillae)

Constriction (CN III) (parasympathetic fibers)

Radial smooth muscle of the Iris controls ________ (Dilator Pupillae)

retraction/dilation (sympathetic neurons)

Eye color is determined by the amount of ________ produced

melanin/Melanocytes

The _______ is the inner layer of the eyeball. (Beginning of visual pathway)

Retina

The Optic Disc is the site where the optic nerve CN___ exits the eyeball. (Blind Spot) (NO rods or cones here)

CN II

The Optic Disc, Central retinal artery & vein, Macula lutea and fovea centralis can all be seen thru an _________

ophthalmoscope

2 types of Photoreceptors are _____ (dim light & NO color vision and, _______ (brighter light & PRODUCE color vision)

Rods (120 Mil per retina, Cylindrical) ; Cones (6 Mil per retina, tapered)...takes much longer for night vision to kick in

The three types of cones in the retina are ______ cones, _____ cones and ______ cones

Blue cones, Green cones and Red cones

Refraction for vision depends on ________ fibers

Cilliary

__________ make up the refractive media of the lens. They are part of the lens and help focus images.

Crystallins

The anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity divided by the lens contains ______ ______

aqueous humor

The ______ _____ is the posterior chamber of the eyeball and contains transparent jellylike substance

vitreous chamber

Image formation has three processes that help focus image. _____ bends the light by lens & cornea, _____ changes shape of lens and ______ narrows the pupil

*refraction bends the light accommodation changes shape of lens *constriction narrows the pupil

Images on retina are inverted. __% of refraction occurs at cornea and __% occurs at the lens which also changes focus from distant to near

75%; 25%

________ surface that curves outward

Convex

________ surface that curves inward

Concave

Parasympathetic fibers of CN ___ innervate the ciliary muscle

CN III - Oculomotor

A normal eye is also known as an ________ eye

Emmetropic eye

Nearsightedness is known as ________

Myopia (Can be repaired with eye exercises)

Farsightedness is also known as _______

Hyperopia ( Can be repaired with eye exercises)

An irregular curvature of the lens or cornea and parts of the image are out of focus is called an ____________

Astigmatism (Can't be repaired with eye exercises)

____________ is the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are pointed towards an object

Convergence

______________ are integral proteins in the plasma membrane. They all contain glycoprotein opsin and a derivative of Vitamin A called ______

Photopigments; Retinal

Light response of rods peaks sharply in _______ light and respond little to ______ light

blue; red

The ligand _____ allows the inflow of Na+ ions to depolarize the photoreceptor

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

CN nerves III, IV and VI ______ the _____ and CN II is responsible for _____ of _____

3, 4, 6 move the eye | 2 is for sense of sight

The three parts of the middle ear in anterior to posterior order is, _________ (connects to 1st Tympanic membrane, ________, ______(connects to 2nd Tympanic membrane)

Malleus, Incus, Stapes (the stapedius muscle dampens vibrations of stapes from loud noises) CN VII

The ___________ tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Eustachian

16,000 hair cells in the _____ are the receptors for ________

Corti/Spiral organ; hearing

The internal ear also called the ________ includes the semicircular canals and _______ (stimulates CN VIII - Vestibulochochlear)

Labyrinth; cochlea

The central eardrum connects to the ________

Malleus

The primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex is in the ________ ______

temporal lobe

Tearing of the tympanic (btwn ext aud canal & middle ear) membrane is called a _____ _____

perforated eardrum (pressure from cotton swab, trauma or middle ear infection can cause this) heals w/i 1 month

_____ is a degenerative disorder of the retina in persons 50 years or older. abnormalities occur in region of macula lutea

AMD - macular degeneration - lose ability to look straight ahead but retain vision

The pressure of the eye is referred to as ______ ______. Produced mainly by aqueous humor & partly by the vitreous body.

Intraocular pressure - maintains shape of eye and prevent it from collapsing

A puncture of the eyeball can cause loss of aqueous humor & the vitreous body decreasing intraocular pressure and causing a ______ _____ or sometimes blindness

detached retina

Avoiding foods that upset the digestive system or evoke reactions of disgust is known as _____ _____

Taste Aversion

______ and hairs help prevent dust & foreign particles from collecting in the ear.

Cerumen (earwax) - in external ear

Special Senses Flashcards

(90 cards)