special senses Flashcards
ears, eyes, nose and tongue (93 cards)
1
Q
describe 2 functions of the tympanic membrane
A
- vibrates in response to sound to transfer sound energy to ossicles
- barrier between outer and middle ears.
2
Q
what are the 3 sections of the ear
A
- outer ear - hearing
2 middle ear - hearing - inner ear - hearing and equilibrium
3
Q
what tissue is the auricle composed of what is it’s function
A
elastic cartilage - direct sound waves into external acoustic meatus
4
Q
what is the function of the external acoustic meatus? which glands assist in this function?
A
protect middle ear and direct sound waves to the middle ear. ceruminous glands (protection) - secrete ear wax (cerumen) to trap foreign bodies
5
Q
what are the Saccule and Utricle?
A
membranous labyrinth sacs (in perilymph) house equilibrium receptor regions Saccule into cochlea, Utricle into cemicircular canal
6
Q
what do maculae do and what stimuli do they respond to
A
epithelial tissues with receptors for response to gravity and head position
7
Q
which stimuli do the receptors in the crista amullaris respond to
A
rotational (anglular ) movement of the head
8
Q
what do chemoreceptors detect (specific)
A
substance dissolved in saliva
substance dissolved in nasal membrane fluids
9
Q
what is gustation?
what is olfaction?
A
chemical senses of taste and smell
10
Q
which substances are dissolved for the sense of: sweet salty sour bitter umami
A
sweet - sugars, alcohol, some amino acids salty - metal ions sour - acids (H+) bitter - alkaloids, quinine and nicotine umami - amino acid glutamate
11
Q
what predominantly forms taste?
A
80% smell. - stuffy nose can dampen taste
12
Q
where is the filiform papillae and what does it do?
A
posterior lateral sides of the tongue: provides friction that helps the tongue move objects around in the mouth but do not contain taste buds
13
Q
where is the fungiform papillae and what does it do?
A
anterior, medial part of the tongue. contain about five tastebuds each
14
Q
where is the circumvallate papillae and what does it do?
A
posterir medial section of the tongue. - relatively large and are surrounded by deep epithelial folds each contains as many as ten tastebuds.
15
Q
describe the gustatory pathway and which cranial nerves are involved.
A
cranial nerves:
facial (VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue.
glossopharyngeal (IX) =posterior 1/3 and pharynx
vagus (X) - epiglottis and lower pharynx
synapse in medulla causes increased saliva production and increased gastric secretions.
impulses head toward gustatory cortex in insula.
also travel to hypothalamus and limbic system (emotion)
food addiction, love food, dood as coping mechanism.
16
Q
- Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
a) Bitter - Nicotine
b) Sour - Hydrogen Ions
c) Umami - Glutamate
d) Bitter - Alcohol
A
d) Bitter - Alcohol
17
Q
- Which of the following cranial nerves are not responsible for taste?
a) IX Glossopharyngeal
b) V Trigeminal
c) X Vagus
d) VII Facial
A
b) V Trigeminal
18
Q
- Endolymph is present in which of the following?
a) Scala Vestibuli
b) Scala Media
c) Scala Corti
d) Scala Tympani
A
b) Scala Media
19
Q
- Which of the following statements about hair cells and frequency is correctly matched
a) High frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear
b) High frequency sounds are detected by distant hair cells
c) Low frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear
d) Low frequency sounds are not detected by distant hair cells
A
a) High frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear
20
Q
- Which of the following will lead to conduction deafness?
a) Loud noise
b) Ageing
c) Perforated ear drum
d) Ototoxic drugs
A
c) Perforated ear drum
21
Q
- Distinguish the correct functional types of equilibrium receptors and the type of equilibrium they’re responsible for
a) Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium
b) Semicircular canal receptors monitor static equilibrium
c) Maculae receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium
d) Crista ampullaris receptors monitor static equilibrium
A
a) Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium
22
Q
- Which statement about tears is incorrect?
a) Enter the eye through superolateral excretory ducts
b) Exit the eye medially through the lacrimal punctum
c) Drain via the nasolacrimal duct
d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes - Which statement about tears is incorrect?
a) Enter the eye through superolateral excretory ducts
b) Exit the eye medially through the lacrimal punctum
c) Drain via the nasolacrimal duct
d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes
A
d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes
23
Q
- Which of the following muscles is innervated by the abducens nerve?
a) Inferior Rectus
b) Superior Oblique
c) Inferior Oblique
d) Lateral Rectus
A
d) Lateral Rectus
24
Q
- Which of the following is not required for close vision?
a) Accommodation
b) Constriction
c) Dilation
d) Convergence
A
c) Dilation
25
10. Which of the following is the correct vision problem and fix?
a) Myopic eye - Convex lens
b) Hyperopic eye - Concave lens
c) Hyperopic eye - Convex lens
d) Emmetropic vision - No lens
c) Hyperopic eye - Convex lens
26
11. Which statement about cones is incorrect?
There are 3 million cones
They require bright light to bring to threshold
One cone synapses with multiple ganglion
The fovea centralis contains only cones
One cone synapses with multiple ganglion
27
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12. Which statement about rods is incorrect?
They absorb all wavelengths
They produce grey tones only
The macula lutea contains mostly rods
They are required for peripheral vision
```
The macula lutea contains mostly rods
28
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13. What cartilage does the auricle (pinna) contain?
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
All of the above
```
Elastic cartilage
29
14. Which of the following is a requirement for a substance to be smelt?
The substance is volatile
The substance is dissolved in mucous coating the olfactory epithelium
The substance binds to receptors on the olfactory cilia
All of the above
All of the above
30
15. Which of the following is not an associated structure of the vascular layer of the eye?
a) Iris
b) Choroid Region
c) Lens
d) Ciliary body
c) Lens
31
16. Which of the following structures contain perilymph?
a) Saccule
b) Utricle
c) Scala media
d) Scala vestibuli
d) Scala vestibuli
32
17. What are the three modes of input for balance and orientation?
Vestibular receptors, cochlear receptors, somatic receptors
Vestibular receptors, visual receptors, somatic receptors
Vestibular receptors, chemoreceptors, cochlear receptors
None of the above
Vestibular receptors, visual receptors, somatic receptors
33
Q14. Define accomodation, convergence and constriction. When are all three used?
accommodation: changing the lens shape by ciliary muscles to increase refractory power
convergence: medial eye movement essential for fine vision
constriction: sphincter pupillae muscle constricts to regulate light entering the eye.
34
Q13. What are cataracts?
caused by UV light. protein in the lens clumps together creating cloudy vision
35
Q12. Critical thinking : If there was damage to nerve tracts in the left cerebral hemisphere what visual fields would be affected? (use terms like left lateral, left medial, right lateral, right medial
right medial and left lateral would be damaged.
36
Q11. Draw a flow chart describing the path of light through the eye giving the correct names of structures
cornea, aqueous humor, iris, pupil, lens, posterior segment (vitreous humor), optic disk, optic nerve
37
Q10. What shape lenses would correct myopia?
concave lens
38
Q9. Compare and contrast phototransduction in light and dark
when struck by light, rhodopsin breaks down. light converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal allowing transduction of light by releasing opsin bleaches pigment. Dark phase: 11 cis retinal is regenerated via an ATP dependent enzyme from All trans retinal or vit A recombines with opsin to form rhodopsin. regeneration rods: slow 5 mins. cones fast 90 sec
39
Q8. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones.
rods: respond to dim light, very sensitive, peripheral vision, sees black and white. located in peripheral area many attached to one ganglion.
cones: respond to bright light, high acuity colour vision, posterior pole of the eye lateral to the blind spot.
macula lutea: contains mostly cones.
fovea centralis: contains only cones.
40
Q6. Connective tissue plates that support the palpibrae _____________
tarsal plates
41
Q5. Associated with the medial canthus and contains sebaceous and sweat glands_____________________
lacrimal sac
42
4. The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids ____________
conjunctiva
43
Q3. Photo-receptors are located here
```
aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
```
retina
44
Area of greatest visual acuity
```
aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
```
fovea centralis
45
. Muscle that relaxes in distance vision
```
aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
```
ciliary muscle
46
lateral rectus
moves eye laterally
47
medial rectus
moves eye medially
48
superior rectus
elevates eye and turns it medially
49
inferior rectus
depresses eye and turns it medially
50
inferior oblique
elevates eye and turns laterally
51
superior oblique
depresses eye and turns laterally
52
what are optic radiations?
optic radiations travel from the thalamus to the visual cortex.
53
```
Separates external auditory canal from the middle ear
Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullari
```
Tympanic membrane
54
Q3. Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx
```
Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullaris
```
Pharyngotympanic tube
55
Contains the saccule and utricle
```
Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullaris
```
Vestibule
56
. This kind of deafness can result from fusing of auditory ossicles ______________
conductive hearing loss
sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells. infection, aging, loud noise drugs.
57
Where in the cerebral cortex is sound generally perceived?
superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe.
58
. Which type(s) of receptors co-ordinate balance and equilibrium?
semicircular canals, ampula and cristae ampulares
59
Give an overview of the structure and function of the vestibular apparatus; include the role of the maculae and crista ampullaris
crista ampullaris senses acceleration and deceleration
maculae contains the crista ampularis. vestibular aparatus: semicircular ducts in semicircular canals anterior, posterior and lateral. saccule and utricle gravity. . static equilibrium: head in space.
60
What structure contains the receptors for hearing; and which nerve carries the information to the brain?
cochlear houses hearing receptors, cochlear nerve transmits information to the brain.
61
. What is the functional role of the auditory ossicles? How does their structure help them achieve their function?
he purpose of the auditory ossicles (also called the ossicular chain) is to transmit sound via a chain reaction of vibrations that connects the eardrum to the inner ear and cochlea. ..
62
. How does the function of the semicircular ducts/canals differ from the function of the saccule and utricle?
The utricle and the saccule are parts of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. semicircular ducts in semicircular canals anterior, posterior and lateral detect movement.
63
which cranial nerves are linked with the gustatory pathway
facial nerve 7
glossopharyngeal nerve 9
vagus nerve 10
64
impulses in the gustatory pathway travel to the thalamus and the fibres branch to the -----------
gustatory cortex (taste), hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste)
65
fibrous layer of the eye contains the-----
cornea
66
which extrinsic muscle of the eye is controlled via cranial nerve IV
superior oblique
67
tears drain directly from the ------ into the nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal sac
68
blood vessels of the eye are found in the middle of the -----
choroid
69
the areal where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the --------
optic disc
70
```
which statement is incorrect:
cones have low sensitivity
rods have low acuity
cones occur mostly in the central retina
there are 20 cones for every rod
```
there are 20 cones for every rod
71
presbyopia
inability of the lens to accomodate
72
the bony labyrinth forms the boundary wall for ------
perilymph
73
the spiral organ (organ of corti) is found in the --------
cochlea
74
the stapes connects with the internal ear via the -------
oval window
75
the scala tympani extends from the apex of the cochlea to the ----------
round window
76
sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear by the
ossicles
77
vibrations of the cochlear duct cause the cilia of the hair cells to bend against which membrane
tectorial
78
the maculae of the ear --------
contain hair cells
79
vestibular nystagmus occurs when which receptors are stimulated?
cristae amullares
80
otoliths activate which receptors
maculae
81
```
11. Trace a photon of light from external environment to the photoreceptors. From the lists
below choose the correct order of structures through which the light must travel
1. pupil
2. lens
3. aqueous humor
4. vitreous humor
5. ganglion cell layer
6. cornea
a) 1,6,2,3,4,5
b) 6,1,2,3,4,5
c) 6,2,1,4,3,5
d) 6,3, 1,2,4,5
```
d) 6,3, 1,2,4,5
82
12. The vascular layer of the eyeball includes:
a) Sclera and cornea
b) Retina and optic disc
c) Choroid, ciliary body and iris
d) Choroid and retina
c) Choroid, ciliary body and iris
83
13. Which of the following is NOT involved in lubrication of the eye?
a) Tarsal plates
b) Lacrimal caruncle
c) Conjunctiva
d) Meibomian glands
a) Tarsal plates
84
14. Which of the following muscle and cranial nerve matches is INCORRECT?
a) Medial rectus; abducens (CN VI)
b) Superior oblique; trochlear (CN IV)
c) Inferior rectus; oculomotor (CN III)
d) Superior rectus; oculomotor (CN III)
a) Medial rectus; abducens (CN V
85
15. When looking directly to the right, the active muscle in the left eye is:
a) Lateral rectus
b) Superior rectus
c) Inferior oblique
d) Medial rectus
d) Medial rectus
86
16. In the absence of light, the photoreceptor is:
a) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which inhibits the bipolar cell and
subsequently inhibits the ganglion cell
b) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which disinhibits to the bipolar cell (exciting
the bipolar cell), subsequently promotes and action potential in the ganglion cell
c) Hyperpolarized and releases neurotransmitter which disinhibits to the bipolar cell
(exciting the bipolar cell), subsequently promotes and action potential in the ganglion
cell
d) Inhibited by the CNS
a) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which inhibits the bipolar cell and
subsequently inhibits the ganglion cell
87
17. The middle ear includes:
a) External auditory canal
b) cochlea
c) semicircular canals
d) auditory ossicles
d) auditory ossicles
88
```
18. Mechanoreceptors located in the ____________ detect static linear motion in the
vertical plane.
a) utricle
b) saccule
c) semicircular canals
d) Cochlea
```
b) saccule
89
19. The pitch of sound is determined by the _________
a) Amplitude of the sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of
the cochlea
b) Size of the auditory ossicles
c) Frequency of sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of the
cochlea
d) Movement of the fluid in the vestibular apparatus
c) Frequency of sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of the
cochlea
90
20. Otolithic membrane is located in the __________
a) vestibular apparatus
b) cochlea
c) semicircular canals
d) in the middle ear
a) vestibular apparatu
91
21. The axons of olfactory receptors form________
a) Cranial nerve I
b) Olfactory tracts
c) Synapse with mitral cells of olfactory bulb
d) Both a) and c) are correct
d) Both a) and c) are corre
92
```
22. Which of the following taste sensations are stimulated by H+
ions binding to the
receptor cells
a) sweet
b) bitter
c) umami
d) sour
```
d) sour
93
23. Perception of taste is influenced by:
a) olfaction
b) texture
c) temperature
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
