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special senses anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the olfactory nerve? (I)

A

smell

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2
Q

what is the vestibulocochlear nerve? (vIII)

A

hearing and balance

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2
Q

what is the optic nerve? (II)

A

vision

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3
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve? (IX)

A

swallowing and taste

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4
Q

what are the special senses nerves?

A

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
facial (vII)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)

1,2,7,8,9

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5
Q

what are the 5 senses?

A

vision, taste, hearing balance and smell

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6
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the darkened hole at the middle of the iris.

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7
Q

what is the sclera of the eye?

A

whites covered by the bulbar conjunctiva. fibrous and elastic tissue, the outer layer of the eye. allows for the contrast of the eye to determine where a person is looking

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8
Q

what is the iris?

A

smooth muscle structure which controls the diameter of the pupil via 2 muscles.

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9
Q

what are the 2 muscles involved in the dilating and constricting of the pupil?

A

sphincter pupilae and dilator pupilae

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10
Q

what is the cornea?

A

avascular, most common structure for use in transplant for this reason, less likely to reject the tissue donated from someone else as It does not have its own blood supply.

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11
Q

how can the optic nerve be seen?

A

when using ophthalmoscope and performing fundoscopy. it appears as a solid white structure roughly in the middle of the retina. it is surrounded by the meningeal layers of the brain.

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12
Q

why does intercranial pressure impact vision?

A

the pressure will be transmitted along the nerve and causes bulging of the optic disc. this is called papillodema

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

fibrous, vascular, inner

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14
Q

what are the eyes made up of?

A

water and electrolytes

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15
Q

where is aqueous humour produced?

A

from cilary bodies in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyes. this fluid circulates from anterior to posterior.

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16
Q

what is the function of aqueous humour?

A

maintains pressure inside the eye, provides nutrients that go to the eye and protects the eye.

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17
Q

what is the vitreous chamber?

A

contains vitreous humour

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18
Q

what Is vitreous humour?

A

a gel which occupies the space between the lense anteriorly and the retina posteriorly. it mainly contains phagocytes to remove cell debris and is mainly water with no vessels

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19
Q

where is the retina?

A

at the back of the eyeball

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20
Q

what is the retina?

A

the light sensitive layer of tissue of the eye and where the rods and cones for black white and colour vision.

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21
Q

where does the optic nerve take the impulses?

A

posteriorly towards the optic chiasm, radiation and then on to the occipital lobe.

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22
Q

where does tear production occur?

A

in the lacrinal gland

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22
Q

what is the function of tears?

A

-lubricates movement
-removes debris
-is washed across the eye from lateral to medial
-drains into the nose

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23
where are the sinuses located?
orbital, nasal and oral cavities
24
what are 4 paranasal sinuses?
maxillary - under eyes frontal - forehead ethmoid and splenic - both posteriorly to nose
25
what controls the movement of the eyes?
cranial nerves III, IV and VI
26
How Many extraocular eye muscles do we have?
7
27
what are extra ocular eye muscles?
responsible for the movement of the eye (race and obliques) and keeping the upper eyelid open (elevator papebrae superiors)
28
function of the superior rectus?
elevation of the eyeball (also adduction of eyeball and medial rotation)
29
function of the inferior rectus?
depression of the eyeball (adduction and lateral rotation)
30
function of the medial recuts?
adducts the eyeball
31
function of the lateral rectus?
abducts the eyeball
32
function of the superior oblique?
depression of eyeball, abduction and medial rotation. supplied by trochlear nerve
33
function of the inferior oblique?
elevation, abduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball.
34
how do we remember which cranial nerves supply the extra ocular nerves?
LR6SO4 everything else supplied by the occulomotor nerve
35
what makes the nose specialised for its function?
-rich, superficial blood supply -mucous provides moisture -mucous and hairs trap particles
36
what must happen to incoming air?
-warmed -humidified -filtred
37
what is olfraction?
smelling
38
what is the purpose of the olfactory nerve?
converts chemical information into electrical information that the brain is able to understand. acts as a defence mechanism eg dangerous smells
39
where is the olfactory nerve located?
superior surface of the nasal cavity
40
what is the purpose of the cochnea? (turbinates)
increase surface area increase chance of olfactory exposure
41
what is the mandible?
the jaw bone
41
what is the tongue?
unusual muscle, boneless and is comprised of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. responsible for the movement of food for chewing, swallowing, speech and also taste.
42
what are the 2 parts of the tongue?
oral part - anteriorly pharyngeal part - towards the back
43
what is the sublingual gland?
mucous secreting salivary gland
44
what is the buccal surface?
side of the mouth where the surface is towards the cheeks as a surface of the teeth. (inside)
45
what is the lingual surface?
surface that faces the tongue as a surface of the teeth.
46
what forms the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid muscle and the overlying stratified squamous epithelium. it is a U shaped structure which the tongue sits in
47
what are the foliate papillae?
leaf like and vertical ridges on the side of the tongue
47
what are the fungiform papillae?
mushroom like on the front 2/3 of the tongue
48
what are the filiiform papillae?
threadlike and serve as a coating mechanism which create a rough and abrasive texture which helps in speaking, chewing and cleaning the oral cavity
49
what are the valiate papillae?
only about a dozen and contain minor salivary glands and some taste buds.
50
what are the foreman caecum?
primitive tract where the thyroglossal duct was and represents where the thyroid gland was in embryological development
51
what is the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage which helps close over the trachea during swallowing
52
what is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
carries sensory information from the front two thirds of the tongue and several other areas including the lower third of the face. the lingual nerve specifically is the nerve which carries those sensory fibres from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue .
52
what is the chorda tympani?
branch of the facial nerves which carry taste fibres From the front two thirds of the tongue and runs through the middle ear. it joins the lingual nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
53
what 2 types of sensation can be felt from the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
general (lingual nerve) and taste sensation (chorda tympani)
54
what are the 3 components of the ear?
-external -middle -inner
55
what happens in the external ear?
-sound waves come in -acts as a funnel and helps focus all the sound
56
what is the function of the inner ear?
responsible for hearing semicircular canal - balance
57
where are the malleus, incus and stapes located?
in the temporal bone, these are the ossicles
58
what is the internal auditory meatus?
small hole located within the temporal bone, where the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve
59
what are the roles of the ear ossicles?
transmit vibrations though middle ear, responsible for transmission of sound (eg hearing) 3 bones malleus - attached to tympanic membrane (ear drum) incus - anvil stapes - stirrup
59
what is the rocky part of the temporal bone?
petrous temporal bone
60
what makes up the tympanic cavity?
lateral wall - tympanic membrane (ear drum) medial wall - vestibular window (oval window) opening into the vestibule of inner ear, closed by base of stapes cochlear window (round window. opening into the cochlear portion of inner ear
61
what is the cochlea?
responsible for sound amplification -conversion from vibration to electrical signal -signaal transmitted via cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve semicircular canals help with balance and vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
62
what are photo receptors?
detect light waves eg eye
63
what are mechanoreceptors?
detect sound waves and pressure on the skin and inner ears
64
what is gustation?
taste
65
what are chemoreceptors?
detect the molecules in our food and the air around us
66
what makes up the fibrous layer of the eye?
cornea, sclera form the dense fibrous layer of the eye they are continuous with each other and give the eyeball shape and structure
67
where is the attachment site for extraoccular muscles?
sclera
68
what are the 3 components of the vascular layer of the eye?
ciliary body choroid iris
69
what is keratoconcus?
thinning of cornea resulting in coning shape - can cause blurring and double vision
70
what does the nasolacrimal duct do?
takes tears from lacrimal gland to nasal cavity - specifically to the opening under the inferior nasal meatus
71
which sinuses are under the eye?
maxillary
72
which sinuses are posterior to the nose?
ethmoid and sphenoid
73
which muscles must correct the eyeball to look straight ahead?
extra-ocular muscles
74
which cranial nerves control orbits of the eyes?
occulomotor trochlear abducens 3,4,6
75
what is the eardrum (tympanic membrane)?
tympanic membrane - the first point of contact with sound waves, it shakes the 3 bones of the middle ear
76
what is the function of the semicircular canals?
balance
77
how many pairs of semicircular canals do we have?
3
78
what are the Eustachian tubes?
they maintain pressure within the inner ear, tube from the ear to the nasal sinus cavity
79
what structure links the middle ear with the pharynx
eustachian tubes
80
what is the function of the auricle? (pinna)
captures and directs sound waves towards the external acoustic meatus
81
what is the only part of the auricle not supported by cartilage?
lobule
82
what is the concha?
hollow depression in the middle of the auricle
83
what is the walls of the external 1/3 of the external acoustic meatus?
cartilage
84
what are the inner 2/3 of the external acoustic meatus formed by?
temoral bone
85
where does the tympanic membrane lie?
distal end of the external acoustic meatus
86
what is the blood supply like to the external ear?
external carotid artery -posterior auricular artery -superficial temporal artery -occipital artery -maxillary artery
87
what bone is the tympanic membrane connected to?
temporal bone
88
where does the middle ear lie?
within the temporal bone and extends from the tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear.
89
what is the role of the tympanic cacvity?
amplify sound waves so they're stronger when they reach the middle ear. does this using the ossicles
90
what is the superior oval window?
where they set the fluid in the inner ear into motion
91
what are the two sections of the labyrinth?
bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
92
what are the 3 main chambers of the cochlea?
scala vestibuli scala media scala tympani
93
what is the basilar membrane?
a stiff band of tissue that runs between the Scala media and Scala tympani
94
what are the fibres at the base of the cochlea like?
short and stiff
95
what are the fibres at the end of the cochlea like?
longer and looser
96
what do the short fibres resonate with?
high frequency pressure
97
what do the longer fibres resonate with?
low frequency waves
98
what makes up the membranous labyrinth?
cochlear duct, semi circular ducts, utricle and the saccule.
99
what does the bony labyrinth consist of?
cochlea, vestibule, three semi-circular canals
100
what are the epithelial cells of hearing called?
the organ of corti. located in the basilar membrane
101
Which structure is responsible for endolymph production?
Stria vascularis
102
which interleukin would reset the hypothalamic thermostat after infection?
interleukin 1
103
why do NSAIDs cause gastric irritation?
prostaglandins have an active role in the protection of the gastric mucosa
104
which structure is involved in determining pitch?
basilar membrane
105
what pathway do NSAIDs affect?
production of prostaglandins and thormoboxanes
106
which part of the eye regulates the amount of light detected by the photoreceptor cells?
iris

special senses (4 decks)

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