Special Senses Part 1 Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
The ______ is a multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye. It contains millions of photoreceptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses. These impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain where they are turned into images.
A
Retina
2
Q
The ______ lies between the retina and sclera. It is composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye.
A
Choroid
3
Q
The _______ is the opening in the center of the iris. The size of the _____ determines the amount of light that enters the eye. The _____ size is controlled by the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris. Doctors often evaluate the reaction of ______ to light to determine a person’s neurological function.
A
Pupil
4
Q
The ________ is a thick, transparent substance that fills the center of the eye. It is composed mainly of water and comprises about 2/3 of the eye’s volume, giving it form and shape. The properties of the ________ allow the eye to return to its normal shape if compressed.
A
Vitreous Humor
5
Q
The ________ is the thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris (anterior chamber). It is continually produced by the ciliary body, the part of the eye that lies just behind the iris. This fluid nourishes the cornea and the lens and gives the front of the eye its form and shape.
A
Aqueous Humor
6
Q
The ________ transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain. It connects to the back of the eye near the macula. When examining the back of the eye, a portion of the ________ called the optic disc can be seen.
A
Optic Nerve
7
Q
_________ glands are located on the lateral end of each eye.
A
Lacrimal
8
Q
the “anvil” is actually the: a) malleus b) incus c) stapes d) bony labyrinth e) cochlea
A
b
9
Q
“Eye shine” in nocturnal mammals is different from the “red eye” seen in some flash photographs. Eye shine is the reflection of light off the tapetum lucidum. What visual mechanism might explain red eye?
A
Due to the bright light reflecting off the back of the retina
10
Q
The “stirrup” is also referred to as the stapes
A
TRUE
11
Q
“White of the eye”
A
sclera
12
Q
Accommodation by the lens*
A
contraction of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to become more spherical, change in the lens shape enables the eye to focus on objects that are less than 20 ft. away
13
Q
Constriction of the pupil*
A
increases the depth of the focus
14
Q
3 layers of the eyeball
A
Fibrous layer (no blood, dense CT), vascular layer (pigmented), inner layer (retina)
15
Q
Convergence of the eyes*
A
Medial rotation of the eyes
16
Q
The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the:
A) cornea B) sclera C) iris D) lens E) retina
A
C) Iris
17
Q
accommodation is: a) contraction of the pupil due to bright light b) adjustment of the thickness of the lens to make close vision possible c) dilation of the pupil due to dim light d) adjustment of the lens for distant vision e) stimulation of the retina by light rays
A
b
18
Q
Action potential is sent from:
1._______and_______ –>_________–>__________whose axons converge and leave the retina at the________–>_______–>________–>_________–>________–>______________
A
- rods and cones, bipolar layer, ganglion cells, optic disk, optic nerve, optic chaisma, optic tract, thalamus, visual cortex of occipital lobe
19
Q
Adjustment of the lens by the ciliary body
a. ) Accommodation
b. ) Refraction
c. ) Binocular vision
d. ) Photophobia
e. ) Amblyopia
A
a. Accommodation
20
Q
Alkaloids
A
bitter receptors
21
Q
Amino acid glutamate
A
umami receptors
22
Q
Anterior chamber
A
located between the cornea and the iris
23
Q
Aqeous humor
A
fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, supports, nourishes, and removes wastes for the cornea, which has no blood vessels, produced by the ciliary processes as a blood filtrate, returned to the circulation through the sclera venous sinus (watery)
24
Q
Aqueous humor is contained within the ______ chamber of the eye
A
anterior
25
Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood at the sclera-cornea conjunction through the __________.
scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm
26
The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the:
```
A) inferior larimal canal
B) pupil
C) nasolacrimal duct
D) scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
E) ciliary body
```
D) scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
27
Area of greatest visual acuity
fovea centralis
28
The area of sharpest visual acuity that normally contains only cones is the __________.
fovea centralis
29
Astigmatism
a. Localized purulent infection of the eye
b. Atrophy of the retina
c. Esotropia
d. Exotropia
e. Defective curvature of the cornea or lens
e. Defective curvature of the cornea
30
An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens.
TRUE
31
The auditory ossicle called the "anvil" is also called the
incus
32
The auditory ossicle called the ?anvil? is also called the:
```
A) incus
B) stapes
C) malleus
D) bony labyrinth
E) cochlea
```
A) incus
33
the auditory ossicles are located within the: a) external ear b) middle ear c) inner ear d) bony labyrinth e) membranous labyrinth
b
34
Auditory tube
links the middle ear and the throat
35
```
The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light eneters the eye is called:
A.)pupil
B.)cornea
C.)choroid
D.)iris
E.)retina
```
B
36
```
The middle coat of the eyeball that contains pigment which prevents it from collapsing inward is the:
A.)sclera
B.)choroid
C.)pupil
D.)cornea
E.)retina
```
B
37
The bacterial infection known as "pinkeye" is caused by irritation of the: a) choroid b) conjunctiva c) cornea d) retina e) sclera
b
38
Bacterial infection of the middle ear
a. serous obtitis media
b. cholesteatoma
c. mastoiditis
d. barotitis
e. suppurative otitis media
e. suppurative otitis media
39
located in the retina, can modify information sent to the brain
Bipolar and ganglion cells
40
Bitter receptors on the tongue's taste buds respond to __________.
alkaloids
41
small physiological blind spot in each eye (no rods or cones overlying it)
optic disc
42
A blind spot; area of depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
a. nyctalopia
b. exotropia
c. scotoma
d. esotropia
e. strabismus
c. scotoma
43
Blood-rich tunic that contains dark pigment
choroid
44
Blurry images due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens
astigmatism
45
The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.
TRUE
46
```
Equilibrium receptors are located in the:
A.)ossicles
B.)external ear
C.)inner ear
D.)middle ear
E.)tympanic membrane
```
C
47
```
The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is:
A.)smell
B.)taste
C.)vision
D.)hearing
E.)touch
```
C
48
```
What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina:
A.)sclera
B.)optic chiasma
C.)lens
D.)choroid
E.)iris
```
C
49
cataracts result from changes in the: a) cornea b) choroid c) lens d) iris e) pupil
c
50
Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx
a. organ of corti
b. semicircular canal
c. labyrinth
d. eustachian tube
e. oval window
d. eustachian tube
51
a vascular network, many melanin containing pigment cells, appears black in color, prevents the reflection of light inside the eye (in vascular tunic)
-between the retina and the sclera. Provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina
Choroid
52
Ciliary body composed of
Ciliary ring: a thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens, composed of smooth muscle bundles (ciliary muscles), anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place, changes shape of the lens
Ciliary process: produces aqueous humor ring of muscle behind the peripheral iris that controls the power of the lens,
53
The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached
TRUE
54
Circularly and radially arranged pigmented smooth muscle fibers
iris
55
Cochlea
snail-like subdivision of the osseous labyrinth
56
The cochlear nerve transmits impulses to the auditory cortex located in the _____
temporal lobe
57
Color in the eyes is determined by
the amount of melanin present, large amounts of melanin (Brown or black eyes) less melanin (light brown, green, or grey eyes) even less melanin (blue eyes)
58
The colored part of the eye is called the _____. It controls light levels inside the eye similar to the aperture on a camera.
Iris
59
A condition in which ear ossicles fuse is known as __________.
otosclerosis
60
The condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aquous humor is _______
glaucoma
61
The condition resulting from hardening and opacity of the lens, in which vision becomes hazy and eventually causes blindness
cataracts
62
Responsible for color vision, visual acuity.
Three types: each type has a different type of iodopsin photopigment, pigments are most sensitive to blue, red, and green light, perception of many colors results from mixing the ratio of the different types of cones that are active at a given moment
Cones
63
Cones enable vision in dim light
FALSE
64
The congenital condition of "crossed eyes" is also known as:
strabismus
65
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane covering of inner eyelids & outer eye
66
The conjunctiva is another name for the sclera
FALSE
67
conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
68
Contains millions of photoreceptors
retina
69
clear/transparent, anterior part of the eyeball covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber that functions to refract (bend) light to focus a visual image (admits light into the eye)
Cornea
70
The crystalline ______ is located just behind the iris. Its purpose is to focus light onto the retina. The nucleus, the innermost part of the ________, is surrounded by softer material called the cortex. The ______ is encased in a capsular-like bag and suspended within the eye by tiny "guy wires" called zonules.
Lens
71
```
An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory ube to the:
A.)inner ear
B.)eardrum
C.)outer ear
D.)middle ear
E.)semicircular canals
```
D
72
```
The three sets if color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are:
A.)green, yellow, and purple
B.)red, green, and yellow
C.)orange, green, and purple
D.)blue, green, and red
E.)red, blue, and yellow
```
D
73
```
The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the:
A.)canal of Schlemm
B.)ciliary body
C.)aqueous humor
D.)vitreous humor
E.)choroid coat
```
D
74
Which one of the following is NOT true of color blindness:
A.)it is caused by a defect in genes on the X sex chromosome
B.)it is sex-linked, inherited homeostatic imbalance
C.)it results from lack of cones
D.)it occurs most often in women
E.)lack of red or green receptors is the most common type
D
75
```
Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones:
A.)optic nerve
B.)sclera
C.)choroid
D.)retina
E.)iris
```
D
76
```
The gland that produces tears in the eye is called the:
A.)ciliary gland
B.)ceruminous gland
C.)sebaceous gland
D.)lacrimal gland
E.)tarsal gland
```
D
77
Dark adaptation is caused by....
rhodopsin production
78
Deafness is defined as hearing loss ranging from slight to total loss.
TRUE
79
The decreased lens elasticity associated with aging that makes it difficult to focus on near objects is known as
presbyopia
80
the ability to judge relative distances of an object from the eyes and is a property of binocular vision (binocular vision results because slightly different images are seen by each eye)
Depth perception
81
Depth perception is caused by all of the following factors except which one: a) the eyes are frontally located b) there is total crossover of the optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasma c) there is partial crossover of the optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasma d) each visual cortex receives input from both eyes
b
82
Describe the path of the optic fibers from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe of the brain.
Optic fibers from each eye leave the back of the eyeball through the optic nerve. At the optic chiasma, the medial fibers of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The resultant optic tracts contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye. The optic fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus, which then continue on to the occipital lobe of the brain.
83
Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction.
Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision. Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed. The greater the convexity, the more light is bent.
84
Describe the role of the lens in vision. Name and explain the disease caused by the hardening of the lens.
1. The lens is the only structure in the eye that can change shape to refract light. The lens becomes more or less convex in order to properly focus light on the retina.
2. Cataracts are caused when the lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque. Vision becomes hazy and blindness can occur in the affected eye.
85
Destruction of distal end of damaged axon occuring 3-5 days after injury is called
Wallerian degeneration
86
Dilator pupillae stimulated
distant vision and dim light: pupils dilate
87
Discuss the age-related disorders presbyopia and presbycusis. Identify the structures each disorder affects.
1. Presbyopia literally means ? old vision? and occurs around age 40 and later. As we age, the lens of the eye becomes less elastic. As a result, we have a difficult time focusing on things close to us, such as reading a newspaper, and we essentially become farsighted.
2. Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural deafness that often occurs as we age into our sixties. The deterioration and atrophy of the organ of Corti lead to a loss in the ability to hear high tones and speech sounds. In some cases of
presbycusis, the ossicles of the ear fuse leading to difficulty conducting sound in the inner ear.
88
A division of the cranial nerve, the __________ transmits information to the cerebellum about equilibrium
vestibular nerve
89
Dynamic equilibrium receptors are found in the:
semicircular canals
90
Dynamic equilibrium receptors report the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving (T/F)
FALSE
91
```
The pathway of vibrations through the ossicles from the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to the oval window is:
A.)malleus, stapes, incus
B.)stapes, incus, malleus
C.)incus, malleus, stapes
D.)stapes, malleus, incus
E.)malleus, incus, stapes
```
E
92
```
Which area of the retina lacks rods and cones and therefore does not detect images:
A.)ciliary body
B.)fovea centralis
C.)optic nerve
D.)choroid
E.)optic disc
```
E
93
```
The pupil is an opening within the:
A.)sclera
B.)retina
C.)lens
D.)choroid
E.)iris
```
E
94
```
Tough, white connective tissue forms this portion of the fibrous layer of the eye:
A.)conjunctiva
B.)choroid
C.)cornea
D.)retina
E.)sclera
```
E
95
An ear infection following an illness such as a cold has passed from the throat through the auditory tube to the
middle ear
96
Earwax is produced by __________.
ceruminous glands
97
Emmetropia
used to describe a persons vision when absolutely no refractive error or de-focus exists
98
Epilepsy
results from abnormal, synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain.
99
Equilibrium receptors are located in the
inner ear
100
Explain static and dynamic equilibrium and their interrelationships.
Static equilibrium is regulated by the maculae of the vestibule. The maculae report on the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest. Each macula is a patch of receptor cells embedded in the otolithic membrane. The otolithic membrane contains otoliths which roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity. This movement causes the hair cells of the membrane to bend, sending impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum, relating information regarding the position of the head in space. Dynamic equilibrium is regulated by the semicircular canals. The crista ampullaris of the membranous semicircular canal consists of a tuft of hair cells and their gelatinous cap called the cupula. Movement of the head causes the cupula to move in the opposite direction, stimulating the hair cells, which then transmit impulses up the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum. Static and dynamic equilibrium work together to provide information to the cerebellum to help control balance.
101
Explain the meaning of an "odor snapshot" and its relevance to human beings.
Olfactory receptor cells transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain for interpretation. An ?odor snapshot? is made, which then becomes part of our long-term memory. The olfactory pathways are closely tied to the limbic system, the emotional- visceral part of the brain. Odors elicit strong emotional responses, both positive and negative. The smell of freshly baked cookies, a certain perfume, or a dentist?s office all engender their own unique response.
102
Explain the mechanism of hearing.
Sound waves enter the pinna and are transmitted down the external auditory canal until they hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. Vibration of the tympanic membrane then causes the ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate, which in turn presses on the oval window of the inner ear. Vibration of the oval window sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion. Movement of the cochlear fluids then stimulate the hair cells of the organ of Corti, which in turn transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where interpretation of sound occurs.
103
Extrinsic eyeball uscles consist of:
4 rectus muscles; superior, inferione, lateral, and medial. 2 oblique muscles; superior and inferior
104
The eye condition resulting from the inability of the aqueous humor to drain from the eye is called __________.
glaucoma
105
An eye inflammation commonly called "pinkeye" is
a. iritis
b. conjunctivitis
c. dacryoadenitis
d. scleritis
e. uveitis
b. conjunctivitis
106
The eye is composed of what 3 chambers:
Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber
107
Eyeball is "too short"
hyperopia
108
Function of eyebrows
prevent perspiration from entering the eyes and help shade the eyes, function: keeps sweat from entering eye, and shade from sun
109
Function of eyelashes
project from the free margin of each eyelid, initiate reflex blinking
110
consist of five tissue layers, protect the eyes from foreign objects (eyelashes help), help lubricate the eyes by spreading tears over their surface, lubricating glands associated with it; meibomian glands and sebaceous glands, ciliary glands lie btw the hair follicles
Eyelids
111
Eyes suddenly exposed to bright light experience
photopupillary reflex
112
Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the __________.
optic chiasma
113
Fibrous layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eye and is continuous with the white of the eye
a. ) Fundus
b. ) Ciliary body
c. ) Pupil
d. ) Cornea
e. ) Iris
d.) Cornea
114
The fibrous outermost tunic seen anteriorily as the "white of the eye" is the:
sclera
115
Fibrous tunic
Outer most layer, sclera & cornea
I.) Mechanical support & some physical protection
II.) Attachment site for muscles
III.) Assist in focusing
116
Fine adjustments to refraction are accomplished by changing the shape of the
Lens
117
Flexible biconvex crystal-like structure
lens
118
Highest concentration of cones, center of macula lutea, an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all (the central focus area of the retina)
Fovea centralis
119
The function of the auditory tube is to transmit sound vibrations
FALSE
120
Fungal infection of the ear
a. macrotia
b. salpingitis
c. otomycosis
d. cholesteatoma
e. labyrinthitis
c. otomycosis
121
Ganglion cell axons
form the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts, extend to the thalamus and synapse, then to the neurons from the optic radiations that project to the visual cortex
122
The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is
vitreous humor
123
The gland that produces tears in the eye is called the:
lacrimal gland
124
glaucoma
The eye condition resulting from the inability of the aqueous humor to drain from the eye is called_____.
125
Glaucoma is primarily diagnosed using
a. Tonometry
b. ophthalmoscopy
c. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
d. Fluorescein angiography
e. Visual field exam
a. tonometry
126
Gross eye movements are produced by five extrinsic eye muscles attached to the outer surface of each eye (T/F)
FALSE
127
Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to
smell
128
Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the
spiral organ of Corti
129
the hearing receptors are located within the: a) auditory tube b) organ of Corti c) oval window d) auricle e) ossicles
b
130
Hearing receptors within the spiral organ of Corti are called
hair cells
131
The highly contagious bacterial infection known as "pinkeye" is caused by bacterial or viral irritation of the
conjunctiva
132
How does vitreous humor differ from aqueous humor in terms of location and viscosity?
Vitreous humor is located in the posterior cavity and is more viscous (thicker) than aqueous humor. Aqueous humor is located in the anterior cavity and is more watery.
133
How would you define an extrinsic muscle of the eye?
Attaches to the sclera and moves the eyeball
134
How would you define the near point of the eye?
Minimum focusing distance of eye
135
Hydrogen ions in solution
sour receptors
136
Hyperopia
Farsightedness (eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature, so light entering your eye is not focused correctly.)
137
Impairment of vision due to old age
a. emmetropia
b. diplopia
c. esotropia
d. presbyopia
e. aniscoria
d. presbyopia
138
Impulses for the sense of smell are transmitted by the ________ nerve
olfactory
139
In close vision and bright light, the pupil will dilate. (T/F)
FALSE
140
In order to hear sound, vibrations pass from the eardrum to the ossicles, and on to the oval window. (T/F)
TRUE
141
The inability to see distant objects, termed "nearsighted," is
myopia
142
Increased pressure within the eye probably indicates
glaucoma
143
Incus
"anvil"
144
Inferior Oblique Muscle
Elevates eye and turns it laterally and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve
145
Inferior Rectus Muscle
Depresses the eye and turns it medially and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve.
146
Inflammation of the conjunctiva involves what
delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball
147
Inflammation of the conjunctiva involves which of the following:
A) portion of the eye that contains the optic nerve
B) extrinsic eye muscles
C) circular band surrounding the pupil
D) delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball
E) glands that produce tears
D) delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball
148
The inner ear condition in which the individual suffers nausea, vertigo, and progressive deafness, is called ______.
Meniere's Disease
149
Iris
diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening (pupil)
(is also the pigmented part of the eye when we look through the cornea.)
150
The iris of the eye has what function?
The iris controls the size of the pupil.
| Which in turn, controls the amount of light entering the eye
151
Location of the lens relative to the iris?
posterior
152
Lacrimal gland location
Superior and lateral to eyeball in frontal bone
153
Lateral Rectus Muscle
Moves eye laterally and the controlling cranial nerve is the abducens
154
Lens
a biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that allows precise focusing of light onto the retina, composed of lens epithelium and lens fibers
155
The lens divides the eye into two segments, the __________ and the __________ segments.
anterior (aqueous); posterior (vitreous)
156
Light adaption is caused by:
reduction of rhodopsin
157
Limbus
The area where the sclera and cornea meet (border)
158
Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes from damage to the visual cortex on one side only is called __________.
hemianopia
159
Where visual image arrives, no rods,
- a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision,
- a yellow spot on the retina that mediates the clearest, most detailed vision (responsible for central vision)
Macula lutea
160
Macular degeneration produces
a. loss of central vision
b. hemianopia
c. retinal detachment
d. nystagmus
e. cataracts
a. loss of central vision
161
The major occupant of the middle ear is _______.
ossicles
162
Malleus
"hammer"
163
Medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects is _______
convergence
164
Medial Rectus Muscle
Moves the eye medially and the controlling cranial nerve is the oculomotor.
165
Metal ions in solution
salty receptors
166
The middle coat of the eyeball that contains pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eyeball is the
choroid
167
movement of the ________ membrane triggers bending of hairs of the hair cells in the organ of Corti: a) tympanic b) tectorial c) basilar d) vestibular
c
168
The muscles which produce gross eye movements and make it possible for the eyes to follow objects are the ________.
extrinsic muscles
169
Myopia
Nearsightedness (eyeball is too long or the cornea, the clear front cover of the eye, has too much curvature)
170
Nasolacrimal duct
Delivers tears to nasal cavity
171
Age-related hearing loss
a. Vertigo
b. meniere's disease
c. acoustic neuroma
d. presbycusis
e. otopyorrhea
d. presbycusis
172
Nervous/sensory tunic (retina)
Innermost layer
I.) Pigmented part
II.) Neural part
lines the posterior two-thirds of the eye. Since a significant portion of the retina is made up of nerve fibers that carry light impulses to the optic nerve it has been described as an extension of the brain
173
Normal resting condition of the lens
relaxation of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to flatten, producing the emmetropic eye
174
The normal resting eye is generally "set" for distant vision. (T/F)
TRUE
175
The oily secretions that lubricate the eye are produced by the:
tarsal glands (a.k.a meibomian glands)
176
The olfactory receptors are examples of: a) thermoreceptors b) mechanoreceptors c) chemoreceptors d) proprioceptors e) gustatory receptors
c
177
One function of the _______ is the production of aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the front of the eye. It also controls accommodation by changing the shape of the crystalline lens.
Ciliary Body
178
The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is:
vision
179
location through which nerves exit and blood vessels enter the eye, no photoreceptor cells, the "blind spot" of the eye
Optic disc
180
Optic nerve
cranial nerve II that serves the retina;
| carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
181
Outer segment of photoreceptors
filled with stacks of membranes (like a stack of poker chips) containing the visual pigment molecules such as rhodopsins; light is absorbed here
182
The overlapping of the two visual fields that provides for depth perception (3-D vision) results in __________.
binocular vision
183
The pathway of vibrations through the ossicles from the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to the oval window is:
malleus, incus, stapes
184
Most of the rods are localized here
periphery of the retina
185
Photosensitive receptor cells of the retina making the perception of color possible
a. ) Rods
b. ) Cones
c. ) Megakaryocyte
d. ) Optic nerve
e. ) Optic chiasm
b.) Cones
186
Pinna
"outer ear"
187
The pinna, also called the auricle, is what most people call the ?ear.? (T/F)
TRUE
188
Place where optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
a. ) Optic disc
b. ) Opti chiasma
c. ) Retina
d. ) Olfactory lobe
e. ) Cerebral cortex
b.) Optic chiasma
189
The portion of the bony labyrinth responsible for static equilibrium is the:
vestibule
190
The posterior chamber of the eye is located...
between the iris and lens
191
The predominant fluid contained within the inner ear is called ______.
perilymph
192
Prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in deterioration of the neural retina called
night blindness
193
Pupil
black adjustable circular opening in the center of the iris through which light passes as it enters the eye
194
The receptors for taste and smell are classified as __________.
chemoreceptors
195
The receptors for taste are found in clusterlike areas called ______
papillae
196
Receptors stimulated by the physical forces that cause movement of fluid or vibration within the body are
mechanoreceptors
197
The reflex in which the eyes of an infant tilted backward roll downward so that its gaze remains fixed is called _______.
doll eyes reflex
198
The reflexive movement of the eyes medially when viewing close objects is called: a) photopupillary reflex b) accommodation pupillary reflex c) convergence d) adaption reflex e) projection reflex
c
199
Refraction
bending of light, light striking a concave surface refracts outward (divergence), light striking a convex surface refracts inward (convergence), converging light rays meet at the focal point and are said to be focused
200
Retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information (Innermost layer of eye;back wall of the eyeball) has over 126 million photoreceptor cells which respond to light
201
Rhodopsin
Exposure to light activates rhodopsin, rhodopsin is split by light into retinal and opsin, eventually resulting in an action potential
202
Rods
responsible for non vision, vision in low illumination (night vision), rod shaped photoreceptive part of the rods contains about 700 double layered membranous discs- discs contain rhodopsin a purple pigment consisting of the protein opsin covalently bound to a yellow photosensitive pigment called retinal (derived from vitamin A)
203
salty receptors respond to: a) sugars, saccharine, and some amino acids b) hydrogen ions or acidity c) metal ions in solution d) alkaloids e) neutral ions
c
204
Sclera
White of the eye; connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eyeball, provides a site for muscle attachment
205
Semicircular canals
contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium
206
Sensorineural deafness occurs when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells of the:
spiral organ of Corti or cochlear nerve
207
The serious inner ear condition that causes nausea, vertigo, and progressive deafness is called __________.
Meniere's syndrome
208
the sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are: a) red, green, yellow b) red, blue, yellow c) green, yellow, and purple d) orange, green, and purple e) blue, green, red
e
209
The six muscles attached to the outer surface of the eye that produce gross eye movements and make it possible for the eyes to follow objects are the __________.
extrinsic muscles
210
Small hard mass on the eyelid; formed from a sebaceous gland enlargement
a. scleral buckle
b. blepharochalasis
c. chalazion
d. cataract
e. steatoma
c. chalazion
211
Small-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear is the
a. aurile
b. cochlea
c. auditory meatus
d. utricle
e. pinna
b. cochlea
212
The small, peglike projections of the tongue's surface are called __________.
papillae
213
Smooth muscle structure attached to the lens
ciliary body
214
Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the eardrum, also known as the:
tympanic membrane
215
Sphincter pupillae stimulated
close vision and bright light: pupils constrict
216
Stapes
"stirrup"
217
The stapes transmits vibrations to the inner ear through the: a) tympanic membrane b) oval window c) malleus d) organ of Corti e) auditory tube
b
218
The stirrup bone of the internal ear is also known as __________.
stapes
219
Structure and function of Retina
Pigmented layer of the retina provides a black backdrop for increasing visual acuity, Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells, which form optic nerve
220
Superior Oblique Muscle
Depresses eye and turns it laterally and is controlled by the trochlear nerve.
221
Superior Rectus Muscle
Elevates eye and turns it medially and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve
222
Suspensory ligaments
ring of fibers that radiate from the edge of the lens & attach it to the ciliary body. Help change the shape of the lens.
223
Tapetum
is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photo receptors. This improves vision in low-light conditions
224
Tarsal glands associated with the edges of the eyelids are considered modified
sebaceous glands
225
Taste receptor cells are stimulated by: a) chemicals binding to the nerve fibers supplying them b) chemicals binding to their microvilli c) stretching of their microvilli d) impulses from the sensory nerves supplying them
b
226
Tears are secreted from lacrimal glands located on the medial end of each eye. (T/F)
FALSE
227
There are five basic taste sensations that correspond to one of the five major types of taste buds. (T/F)
TRUE
228
There are two varieties of cones; one responds to red light and the other responds to green light. (T/F)
FALSE
229
The three sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are
blue, green, and red
230
The three subdivisions of the bony labyrinth of the internal ear are __________,
__________, and __________.
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
231
Tinnitus
a. Hearing loss occuring with old age
b. Dizziness associated with nausea and sensation of whirling motion
c. Ringing sounds in ears
d. Dysphonia
e. Aural discharge
c. Ringing sounds in ears
232
Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called __________.
otoliths
233
The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light enters the eye is called the
cornea
234
The structure that divides the outer ear from the middle ear is a membrane known as the______.
tympanic membrane
235
Unlike the taste sensation, it is NOT necessary to have the chemicals associated with smells dissolved in body fluids. (T/F)
FALSE
236
The upside-down image formed on the retina as a result of the light-bending activity of the lens is the __________.
real image
237
Vascular tunic (uvea)
Middle layer (the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid-uvea)
I.) Route for blood vessels & lymphatics
II.) Regulate amount of light
III.) Secrete & reabsorb aqueous humor within eye chamber
IV.) Control shape of lens
238
contains the receptors for static equilibrium
Vestibule
239
Visual examination of the ear
a. Audiometry
b. Otoscopy
c. Tympanometry
d. Tuning fork test
e. Ophthalmoscopy
b. otoscopy
240
Visual Signaling Pathway
1. AP from ganglion cells (optic nerve)
2. partial crossing at optic chiasma
3. projection as optic tract
4. most synapse on LGH in thalamus
5. project to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
241
much larger then the other two chambers of the eye; located posterior to the lens
vitreous chamber
242
Vitreous humor function
fills the vitreous chamber, contributes to intraocular pressure, helps maintain the shape of the eyeball, holds the lens and retina in place, functions in the refraction of light in the eye(gel)
243
What do the numbers 20/100 mean for visual acuity?
A person with this vision can see at 20 feet what an average sighted person can see at 100 feet.
244
What eye structure is transparent, biconvex, and focuses light on the retina?
a. ) Conjunctiva
b. ) Lens
c. ) Vitreous body
d. ) Aqueous humor
e. ) Sclera
b.) Lens
245
What is astigmatism?
Defect in cornea or lens that causes an uneven bending of the light rays in that area of the eye
246
What is the consensual reflex of the pupil?
Increase or decrease of one pupil when the other pupil is exposed to a respective decrease or increase in light.
247
What is the middle layer of the eye called?
Vascular tunic (includes choroid, ciliary body, lens)
248
What is the name of the transparent layer of the eye in front of the anterior chamber?
Cornea
249
What layer of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?
Retina
250
What nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain?
Optic nerve
251
What Responsible for the most of the gross refraction of light
Cornea
252
What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina:
lens
253
Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally
cranial nerve IV trochlear
254
Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally:
```
A) cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)
B) cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
C) cranial nerve II (optic)
D) cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
E) cranial nerve VI (abducens)
```
D) cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
255
Which of the following is a cranial nerve NOT involved in taste or smell: a) facial nerve b) vestibular nerve c) glossopharyngeal nerve d) vagus nerve e) olfactory nerve
b
256
Which of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation: a) sweet b) salty c) pungent d) bitter e) sour
c
257
Which of the following is NOT found on the dorsal tongue surface: a) filiform papillae b) fungiform papillae c) gustatory cells d) circumvallate papillae e) maculary papillae
e
258
Which of the following is NOT important in providing information used to control balance to the cerebellum: a) dynamic equilibrium b) static equilibrium c) fusion of the ossicles d) proprioceptors of the muscles and tendons e) sight
c
259
Which of the following is NOT part of the inner ear: a) cochlea b) vestibule c) semicircular canals d) ossicles e) membranous labyrinth
d
260
Which of the following is NOT true about lysozyme: a) it is an enzyme b) it destroys bacteria c) it is found in tears d) it stimulates the rods and cones e) it cleanses and protects the eye
d
261
Which of the following is NOT true of color blindness: a) it is sex-linked b) it results from lack of cones c) it occurs most often in women d) it is caused by a defect in genes on the X-sex chromosome e) lack of red or green receptors is the most common type
c
262
Which of the following is most likely to be found in the fovea centralis: a) ganglion neurons b) rods c) bipolar neurons d) cones e) rhodopsin
d
263
Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye:
A) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
B) lens, aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor
C) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
D) cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
E) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor
C) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
264
Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in either taste or smell:
```
A) vestibular (VIII)
B) glossopharyngeal (IX)
C) olfactory nerve (I)
D) facial nerve (VII)
E) vagus (X)
```
A) vestibular (VIII)
265
Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation:
A) salty B) sweet C) pungent D) sour E) bitter
C) pungent
266
Which one of the following is NOT part of the inner ear?
```
A) semicircular canals
B) ossicles
C) vestibule
D) cochlea
E) membranous labyrinth
```
B) ossicles
267
Which one of the following is NOT true of color blindness:
A) lack of red or green receptors is the most common type
B) it is sex- linked, inherited homeostatic imbalance
C) it is caused by a defect in genes on the X (female) sex chromosome
D) it occurs most often in women
E) it results from lack of cones
D) it occurs most often in women
268
Which one of the following nerves serves the anterior tongue:
```
A) cochlear
B) vestibular
C) vagus
D) facial
E) glossopharyngeal
```
D) facial
269
Which retinal cells are responsible for vision in dim light?
Rods
270
With age, the lens becomes more compact and dense and loses its _______.
elasticity
271
Yellowish region in the retina; contains the fovea centralis
a. ) Optic disc
b. ) Posterior chamber
c. ) Macula lutea
d. ) Sclera
e. ) Choroid
c.) Macula lutea
