Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience I Exam 2 > Special Senses: Vision and auditory > Flashcards

Special Senses: Vision and auditory Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

if the object is far aIf the object is nway, the light ray have _________ far enough that only ______ light rays enter the eye.

A

diverged

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if the object is nearby, the light rays are still ______.

A

diverging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the retina uses ______ to focus the image

A

refraction

rays being deflected is passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the first refraction?

A

cornea
bend the light the most of any structure in the eye and accounts for 2/3 of the ability of the eye to bend light
the amount of bending is fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

adds variable degrees of refraction by flattening or rounding the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if the lens becomes rounder, the light ray are refracted _______. If the lens becomes flatten, the light rays are refracted _____.

A

more

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is required to adjust the curvature of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle
suspensory ligaments
lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Steps to increase the curvature of the lens?

A
  1. Contract the ciliary muscle
  2. allows the suspensory ligaments to go lax
  3. the lens assumes a more rounded shape

used for objects nearby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the steps to decrease the curvature of the lens?

A
  1. Relax the ciliary muscle
  2. this causes the suspensory ligament to tighten
  3. the lens is pulled tight, flattening it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe how the lens becomes stiffer with age, making near vision more difficult?

A

in young kids, this adds about 20 diopters
in young adults, loss of elasticity results in a total strength of about 10 diopters
by 50’s the loss of elasticity means that the lens may only by about to add 1 diopter

presbyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Near vision requires two additional changes, what are they?

A
  1. contraction of the ciliary muscles
    2.convergence of the eyes to the point of focus
  2. constriction of the pupil
    eliminates some of the diverging light rays
    focus better
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Far vision requires ______ of the ciliary muscles?

A

relaxation

decreases curvature of the lens decreasing the refractive power of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cells in the retina?

A 
photoreceptor (rods and cones)
bipolar cells 
ganglion cells 
horizontal cells
amacrine cells

photon must past through the layers; distorting the image
horizontal and amacrine cells take care of the stray photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells contribute to the vertical pathway?

A

photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells

relaying the visual info. to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the dark the release of glutamate is _____ from rods or cones?

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When a photon activated the photoreceptor the release of glutamate _____ because the light ________ the rods and cones?

A

decreases, hyperpolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cell?

A

ON-center causing depolarization of the bipolar cell

Off-center: hyperpolarization of the bipolar cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the photoreceptor activation an ON-center bipolar cell.

A

With light, release of glutamate from the photoreceptor decreases, a metabotropic receptor (on the bipolar cell) is activated and cations are allowed into the cell causing depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the photoreceptor activation of an Off-center bipolar cell.

A

with light, glutamate release from the photoreceptor decreases, the AMPA receptor is not activated and the OFF-center cell is hyperpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The bipolar cell release ______ to excite the ganglion cell.

A

glutamate

ganglion cell axons become the fibers on the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The vertical Pathway for RODs.

A

Many rods, converge on one On-center bipolar cell, which then synapses on an A11 amacrine cell, which synapses on a cone On-center bipolar cell, which then activated a ganglion cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the refining the signal in the retina.

A

On-center cell tells us where something is, Off-center cell tells us where it ends

amacrine and horizontal cells add to that by providing inhibitory signals that modify the activity of neighboring photoreceptors, bipolar cells or ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The left temporal retina is activated by light coming from the ________ visual field?

Study These Flashcards
A

right

along with the right nasal retina

24
Q

the right temporal retina is activate by light coming from the ______ visual field?

Study These Flashcards
A

left

along with the left nasal retina

25
Describe reconstructing the visual image?
at the optic chiasm, the axons from the nasal retina on each side will cross and join the axons from the temporal retina. this way all the info. from the right visual field is sent to the same part of the brain right visual field to the left side of the brain
26
Axon from the ganglion cells travel to the _______ ______ ______.
lateral geniculate body on- and off- center cells exist in the LGN as well
27
What are the 4 functions of the lateral geniculate body?
control the motion of the eyes control focusing identify major elements within our visual image Identify motion within our visual image
28
How many and what are the function of the layers in the primary visual cortex (V1)?
6 layers layer 1, 2, and 3 allow networking between V1 and other parts of the cortex layer 4 receives inputs from the LGN Layer 5 and 6 send info back to the LGN (controls focusing and motion of the eyes)
29
Describe the organization of the primary visual cortex.
The 6 layers are arranged in columns. The columns that starts from the surface of the cortex and extend through all 6 layers of cells each column does a different jobs ( neighboring columns are related
30
The is the major job of V1?
identify the edges and contours of the component in our visual image
31
What is the major job of V2?
identify disparities in the visual images presented by the two eyes depth perception
32
What and where are blobs located?
blobs are for color vision located in V1 they are a collection of neurons that enable color detection (need all three sets of cones)
33
What is the function of V4?
to process color inputs (aka color perception)
34
What is the function of area V3A?
the identification of motion
35
What is the primary visual cortex not able to do?
name the image copy the image aim at the object in the image recognize your husband/wife/mother/father
36
What are the two outflow tract from the primary visual cortex?
dorsal pathway: visual info to the motor cortices and enable us to complete motor acts based on visual input. path seems to arise in V3A ventral pathway: visual info to sensory input allows us to use that visual image to accomplish higher order functions, including naming the object and copying the object.
37
What are the function of the outer, middle, and inner ear in relation to hearing?
outer: funnel the sound waves into ear middle: impedance matching-the sound wave has been moving through air, but now we are going to have it move in liquid/water inner ear: cochlea converts the sound waves to action potentials
38
What is the fluid inside the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?
perilymph | similar to ECF (high Na+, low K+)
39
what is the fluid inside the scala media?
endolymph: high in K+ and low in Na+
40
Where do high frequency(short wavelength) sound cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane?
closest to the oval window
41
Where do low frequency( long wavelength) sound cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane?
farthest away from the oval window towards the helicotrema
42
Describe the arrangement of hair cells in the organ of corti?
inner and outer hair cells have stereociliar that increase in length (not true cilia) unit longest and true cilium, kinocilium attached via tip link protein
43
Describe what happens as the basilar membrane moves?
the connection between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane cause the tectorial membrane to move as well, bending the hair cells bent toward from the kinocilium= depolarization bent away from the kinocilium= hyperpolarization
44
What ion channel open when hair cells bend toward the kinocilium?
K+ channel; depolarization
45
What are the two parallel paths in the cochlear nucleus?
ventral path: starts processing of temporal and spectral features of the sound dorsal path: integrates the acoustic information with somatosensory information for localizing the sound
46
What is the function of the medial superior olive?
generates a map of the intraaural time differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)
47
What is the function of the lateral superior olive?
generates a map of the intra-aural intensity differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)
48
What is the function of the inferior colliculus? and how does the superior colliculus modify it the info.
suppresses information related to echoes (they interfere with location) and arrives at a final estimation of the sound location on the horizon the superior colliculus takes the location data from the inferior colliculus and add vertical height to create the spatial map of the sound's location
49
Describe the tonotopic representation of the sounds in the primary auditory cortex (A1)
more rostral areas are activated by low frequency sounds, while caudal area receive information about high frequency sounds
50
The _____ is best situated to detect linear motion occurring on the horizontal plane?
utricle
51
The _____ is best situated to detect linear motion occurring on the veritcal plane?
saccule
52
The turning motion is best dected by the ______ (_______) canals?
horizontal (aka lateral) canals
53
Falling (or being thrown backwards) maximally activated the _______ _______ canal?
posterior semicircular canal
54
Falling (or being thrown forward) maximally activated the _____ _____ canal?
anterior semicircular canal
55
In the semicircular canals, the _______ is specialized for movement of hair cells
ampulla
56
In the utricle and saccule the otolith organs, the _____ is specialized for movement of the hair cells?
macula
57
Describe the vesto-ocular relfexes?
anterior semicircular canal=superior rectus m. is activated posterior semicircular canal=superior oblique m. is activated horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal=medial rectus m is activated in ipsilateral to rotation)

Neuroscience I Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions