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Lvl 3 Bio > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is Adaptive Radiation?

A

A period of elevated speciation, often due to the availability of new niches that can be exploited. It can often follow mass extinction.

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2
Q

What is Allele Frequency?

A

How often a particular allele is represented in the gene pool (the total number of alleles in a population).

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3
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

The formation of new species from ancestral species, where gene flow has been stopped by geographical barriers.

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4
Q

What is Alloploidy?

A

A type of polyploidy where two different species produce an infertile hybrid.

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5
Q

What is Amphiploidy?

A

A form of polyploidy where a chromosome set is doubled in an individual, which restores fertility.

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6
Q

What are Analogous Structures?

A

Traits that look similar and have a similar function but do not share a recent ancestor, due to similar niches.

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7
Q

What is Archeopteryx?

A

A famous bird-like fossil that has features from both birds and reptiles, serving as a transition fossil between non-avian dinosaurs and modern birds.

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8
Q

What is Autoploidy?

A

A type of polyploidy involving the duplication of genome occurring in a single species, often due to non-disjunction during meiosis.

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9
Q

What is Behavioural Isolation (RIMS)?

A

Pre- zygotic, results from differences in behaviour, especially mating behaviour, such as courtship.

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10
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

The study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals, providing evidence of relatedness.

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11
Q

What is Bottleneck Effect?

A

When a population is suddenly reduced in size, altering allele frequencies and genetic diversity.

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12
Q

What are Changes in Sea Levels?

A

A geographical barrier important in NZ speciation where sea levels rise and fall with periods of glaciations.

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13
Q

What is Chromosomal Mutation?

A

Changes in the structure of a chromosome that can affect a group of genes.

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14
Q

What is a Cladogram?

A

A branching diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between species.

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15
Q

What is a Cline?

A

The gradual change in phenotypes of a species along a geographical gradient.

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16
Q

What is Co-Evolution?

A

Where two species act as selection pressures on the evolution of each other.

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17
Q

What is Comparative Embryology?

A

Evidence for evolution where embryos are compared, showing that closely related species develop similarly.

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18
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

A pattern of evolution where organisms share similar anatomical structures due to similar niches, not shared ancestry.

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19
Q

What is Crossing Over?

A

A process during meiosis that produces variation in gametes by exchanging pieces of DNA between homologous chromosomes.

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20
Q

What are Demes?

A

Smaller populations of a species that are partially isolated from each other, with more interbreeding within than between them.

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21
Q

What is Directional Selection?

A

A type of natural selection where selection pressures select against one extreme of a trait.

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22
Q

What is Disruptive Selection?

A

A type of natural selection where selection pressures select against the middle of the trait distribution.

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23
Q

What is Divergent Evolution?

A

A pattern of evolution where an ancestral group splits into two or more species, sharing anatomical structures.

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24
Q

What does Fertile mean?

A

Having an even number of chromosomes and all homologous pairs.

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25
What is Fitness?
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.
26
What are Fossils?
Preserved remains found in sedimentary rock, providing evidence for evolution and changes in form over time.
27
What are Founders Effects?
When a small group of individuals emigrate from a population, leading to reduced genetic diversity.
28
What is Gamete Incompatibility?
A pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to gametes being unable to fuse.
29
What are Gene Mutations?
Changes in the base sequence of DNA that can result in new alleles.
30
What is Genetic Diversity?
The range of alleles within a population.
31
What is the Gene Pool?
The total number of alleles present in a population.
32
What is Genetic Variation?
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes/alleles.
33
What is Genetic Drift?
The random change in allele frequencies in a population, more significant in small populations.
34
What are Geographical Barriers?
Physical separations of populations, such as mountains or rivers, affecting gene flow.
35
What is Gradualism?
A rate of evolution where environmental changes occur slowly, leading to gradual species changes.
36
What is Habitat Isolation?
A pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to occupying different habitats.
37
What are Homologous Chromosomes?
Chromosomes that are similar in size and shape with genes in the same location but may contain different alleles.
38
What are Homologous Structures?
Structures that have the same structure but different functions, indicating shared ancestry.
39
What are HOX Genes?
Genes that determine basic structure and orientation, suggesting shared ancestry due to their conservation.
40
What is Hybrid Breakdown?
A post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism where hybrids' offspring are less fertile or viable.
41
What is Hybrid Unviability?
A post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism where the zygote fails to develop properly.
42
What is Hybrid Sterility?
A post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to an odd chromosome number preventing pairing during meiosis.
43
What is Hybrid Vigor?
Where hybrid organisms exhibit increased characteristics compared to their parents.
44
What is Independent Assortment?
A process during meiosis that produces variation in gametes by randomly lining up homologous chromosomes.
45
What does Infertile mean?
Having an uneven number of chromosomes or lacking homologous pairs.
46
What is Mitochondrial DNA?
DNA passed only through the maternal line, used as a molecular clock due to steady mutation rates.
47
What is a Molecular Clock?
The concept that mutation rates occur at a steady rate, providing a timeline for species divergence.
48
What is Monophyletic?
Species descended from a common ancestor.
49
What is Mountain Building?
A geographical barrier important in NZ speciation due to the formation of the Southern Alps.
50
What are Mutations?
Permanent changes in the base sequence of DNA, creating new alleles.
51
What is Non-disjunction?
A process during cell division where chromosomes fail to separate.
52
What is Natural Selection?
The process where organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
53
What is Paraphyletic?
Species descended from a common ancestor but not including all descendants.
54
What is Phylogeny?
A branching diagram showing relationships between species scaled to time.
55
What is Ploidy?
Changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in an organism.
56
What is Polyphyletic?
Species descended from more than one common ancestor.
57
What is Polyploidy?
Where an organism has more than two homologous sets of chromosomes, resulting in instant speciation.
58
What is a Population?
Members of a species that live together in the same geographical location and share a gene pool.
59
What is a Population Bottleneck?
When a population is suddenly reduced in size, altering allele frequencies and genetic diversity.
60
What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
A rate of evolution characterized by long periods of stability interrupted by rapid changes.
61
What are Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms (RIMS)?
Mechanisms that prevent successful reproduction between individuals of different groups.
62
What are Ring Species?
Species where individuals at each end of a cline may be so different that they can no longer interbreed.
63
What is Segregation?
A process during meiosis that produces variation in gametes by separating alleles.
64
What is Sexual Dimorphism?
Differences in characteristics between the sexes of a species.
65
What is Sexual Selection?
A type of selection where there is a preference for certain characteristics in the other sex.
66
What is Speciation?
The process where new species are formed from existing species, requiring reproductive isolating mechanisms.
67
What is a Species?
A group of interbreeding, natural populations that produce fertile offspring.
68
What is Spatial Isolation (RIMS)?
A pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to breeding grounds being in different areas.
69
What is Structural Isolation (RIMS)?
A pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to differing reproductive structures.
70
What is Stabilising Selection?
A type of natural selection where selection pressures select against the two extremes of a trait.
71
What is Stasis?
A long period of time with a lack of evolutionary change.
72
What is Sympatric Speciation?
A mode of speciation where new species form within the geographical area of the parent species.
73
What is Temporal Isolation (RIMS)?
A pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism due to timing of reproduction.
74
What are Vestigial Structures?
Structures that once served a purpose but are now functionless.
75
What is Vicariance?
Large-scale allopatric speciation due to significant geographical events.

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