Speciation

Question 1

Explain speciation in Lake Malawi

Answer 1

Lake is the most diverse lake with fish fauna because of three reasons- habitats, diet specialization, and sexual selection caused by tetonic plate shift

Question 2

groups of organisms that mate with one another and produce fertile offspring

Answer 2

species

Question 3

speciation

Answer 3

the divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation

Question 4

the divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation

Answer 4

speciation

Question 5

What drives speciation?

Answer 5

reproductive isolation

Question 6

The concept of species sometimes varies among biologists, depending on (blank)

Answer 6

what types of questions they are asking

Question 7

Do all members of same species look alike? Example?

Answer 7

No- Aix sponsa male vs female and FL vs CA

Question 8

father of modern taxonomy

Answer 8

Linnaeus

Question 9

How did Linnaeus describe species?

Answer 9

appearance- morphological

Question 10

Linnaeus originated (blank)

Answer 10

binomial system of nomenclature

Question 11

Example of genus species:

Answer 11

homo sapiens 
mus musculus (mouse)

Question 12

Morphology has (blank)

Answer 12

limitations

Question 13

What are the two limitations of species?

Answer 13

1- males and females may be different and immature individuals might not look like parents
2- cryptic species are morphologically the same, but don’t interbreed

Question 14

What is an example of animals that look alike, but don’t mate?

Answer 14

Gray tree frogs

Question 15

What is key to speciation?

Answer 15

Reproductive isolation

Question 16

When groups can no longer exchange genes

Answer 16

Reproductive isolation

Question 17

Reproductive isolation

Answer 17

when groups can no longer exchange genes

Question 18

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Answer 18

Biological species concept

Question 19

Biological species concept

Answer 19

groups that could breed, reproductivly isolated

Question 20

The biological species concept does not apply to

Answer 20

organisms that reproduce asexually

Question 21

Lineage species concept

Answer 21

species as branches on tree of life (include asexual)

Question 22

Lineage

Answer 22

ancestor-descendant series of populations followed over time

Question 23

Lineage splitting

Answer 23

each species has a history that starts at a speciation event and ends at extinction or another speciation event

Question 24

Are the different species concepts mutually exclusive?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Three major classes of species concepts?

Answer 25

- Morphological species concept - Biological species concept - Lineage species concept

Question 26

Simplified definition of morphological species concept

Answer 26

appearance-based

Question 27

Simplified definition of biological species concept

Answer 27

reproductive isolation

Question 28

Simplified definition of lineage species concept

Answer 28

tree of life

Question 29

The species concepts are not incompatible, but (blank)

Answer 29

each emphasizes a different aspect of speciation

Question 30

Allopatric speciation occurs when

Answer 30

populations are separated by a physical barrier

Question 31

What is thought to be the dominant mode of speciation in most groups?

Answer 31

Allopatric speciation

Question 32

Barriers for allopatric speciation can form as (blank)

Answer 32

continents drift, sea level changes, glaciers advance and retreat, climate changes

Question 33

Examples of allopatric speciation

Answer 33

Fish in Ozarks separated by glacial mountains Drosophilia and Hawaiian islands Darwins finches

Question 34

Sympatric speciaiton

Answer 34

no physical barrier

Question 35

Sympatic speciation can occur with what type of selection if (blank) happens

Answer 35

disruptive; certain genotypes have preference for distinct microhabitats where mating takes place

Question 36

Sympatric speciation example

Answer 36

Apple maggot fly

Question 37

Explain Apple maggot fly example

Answer 37

Flies deposit eggs on Hawthorn fruits and then apples introduced species partly isolated because only mate with ones raised on same fruit host-plant specificity develops new species

Question 38

What happens when newly formed species come into contact?

Answer 38

Mechanisms stabilize ability to generate new species

Question 39

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 39

prevent hybridization from occurring

Question 40

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 40

reduce the fitness of hybrid offspring

Question 41

Postzygotic mechanisms result in (blank)

Answer 41

selection against hybridization

Question 42

Postzygotic mechanisms reinforce

Answer 42

prezygotic mechanisms

Question 43

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms list

Answer 43

- Mechanical - Temporal - Behavioral - Habitat - Gametic

Question 44

Mechanical isolation

Answer 44

-differences in size and shape of reproductive organs makes mating impossible

Question 45

Example of mechanical isolation

Answer 45

orchids and pollinators

Question 46

Temporal isolation

Answer 46

-mating periods do not overlap

Question 47

Example of temporal isolation

Answer 47

leopard frog species breed at different times

Question 48

Behavioral isolation

Answer 48

Individuals reject or fail to recognize potential mating partners

Question 49

Example of behavioral isolation

Answer 49

breeding calls of male frogs quickly diverge between related species and female frogs ignore certain calls

Question 50

Behavioral isolation in regards to mate choice

Answer 50

mediated by behavior of other species

Question 51

Whether two plant species hybridize can depend on (blank(

Answer 51

the food preferences of their pollinators

Question 52

Two species of columbines are reproductively isolated because their floral shapes (blank) and this is an example of (blank)

Answer 52

attract different pollinators | behavioral isolation

Question 53

Habitat isolation

Answer 53

When two closely related species evolve preferences for living or mating in different habitats

Question 54

Example of habitat isolation

Answer 54

Lake Malowi

Question 55

Gametic isolation

Answer 55

Gametes never fuse into a zygote

Question 56

2 ways Gametic isolation can occur

Answer 56

- eggs don't release appropriate attractive chemicals | - sperm doesn't penetrate egg because 2 gametes are chemically incompatible

Question 57

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 57

- Low hybrid zygote viability - Low hybrid adult viability - Hybrid infertility

Question 58

Low hybrid zygote viability

Answer 58

zygotes fail to mature or have severe abnormalities

Question 59

Low hybrid adult viability

Answer 59

offspring have lower survival rates

Question 60

Hybrid infertility

Answer 60

offspring are infertile (mules)

Question 61

Natural selection does not (blank) evolution of postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 61

directly favor