Species, Taxonomy and diversity

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

The organisation of living organisms into groups

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

Question 3

Phylogeny

Answer 3

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 4

In what 4 ways are members of a species similar?

Answer 4

Physically, biochemically, behaviourally and immunologically

Question 5

What does it mean for members of a species to be physically similar?

Answer 5

Have similar phenotypes and expressed characteristics

Question 6

What does it mean for members of a species to be biochemically similar?

Answer 6

Have similar base DNA sequences (share a very large percentage)

Question 7

What does it mean for members of a species to be behaviourally similar?

Answer 7

To exhibit similar patterns of movement, eating, habitats etc. Often used to identify species members for mating

Question 8

What does it mean for members of a species to be immunologically similar?

Answer 8

To have similar immune systems particularly antigens and antibodies

Question 9

How can we be sure 2 members are of the same species?

Answer 9

They breed fertile, viable offspring

Question 10

What must an offspring be for their parents to be considered of the same species?

Answer 10

Viable (living) and fertile themselves

Question 11

What is the binomial naming system?

Answer 11

The Generic and Specific name of an organism e.g. Homo sapiens

Question 12

What rule must the generic name follow?

Answer 12

Capatalised 1st letter and underlined/italicised

Question 13

What rule must the specific name follow?

Answer 13

lowercase and underlined/italicised

Question 14

What must be written if the specific name is unknown?

Answer 14

sp

Question 15

For what 2 reason is courtship essential?

Answer 15

Mating and species recognition

Question 16

How is courtship unique to a species?

Answer 16

Genetically determined as it is a behaviour

Question 17

Give examples of courtship behaviour

Answer 17

Dancing, sounds, pheromones, food and fighting

Question 18

What 2 things does courtship indicate?

Answer 18

Sexual maturity and female cycle is ovulating

Question 18

Why is courtship important for females?

Answer 18

Allows them to form a pair bond with a healthy male

Question 18

What is artificial classification?

Answer 18

Classification based on analogous characteristics which often drew incorrect conclusions

Question 19

What are analogous characteristics?

Answer 19

Characteristics which were perceived to prove connection e.g. bugs and birds both have wings therefore related

Question 20

What are homologous characteristics?

Answer 20

Characteristics which have similar evolutionary origins e.g. a horse’s front legs and a human’s arms

Question 21

What is phylogenetic classification?

Answer 21

Classification based on evolutionary relationships into a hierarchy

Question 22

What is the order of the Taxonomic ranks?

Answer 22

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 22

What is a human's full taxonomic name?

Answer 22

Eukaryota Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens

Question 22

Which domain(s) have membrane bound organelles?

Answer 22

Eukarya

Question 23

Which domain(s) has murein cell walls?

Answer 23

Bacteria

Question 24

Which domain(s) are unicellular?

Answer 24

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 25

Which domain have ether (c-o-c) linkages in fatty acids?

Answer 25

Archaea

Question 26

Which domain(s) have ester ((c=o)o) linkages in fatty acids?

Answer 26

Eukarya

Question 27

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 27

Archaea, Eukarya and Bacteria

Question 28

Which domain(s) have 80s Ribosomes?

Answer 28

Eukarya

Question 29

Which domain(s) have 70s Ribosomes?

Answer 29

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 30

What are Eukarya cell walls made of?

Answer 30

Chitin or cellulose

Question 31

Do archaea have genes similar to Bacteria or Eukarya?

Answer 31

Eukarya

Question 32

How are bacteria DNA stored?

Answer 32

Naked DNA loops

Question 33

Biodiversity

Answer 33

The number and variety of living organisms in an area

Question 34

Species diversity

Answer 34

The number of different species and number of individuals in each species in a community

Question 35

Genetic diversity

Answer 35

The variety of genes possessed by the individuals in a species

Question 36

Ecosystem diversity

Answer 36

The range of different habitats in a certain area

Question 37

What is a monoculture?

Answer 37

An area dominated by just 1 species e.g. a wheat field

Question 38

Interspecific variation

Answer 38

Differences between individuals between different species

Question 39

Intraspecific variation

Answer 39

Differences between individuals between the same species

Question 40

Nitrogen-fixing crop

Answer 40

Crops which convert atmospheric N2 into usable forms such as nitrates NO3 -

Question 41

Intercropping

Answer 41

The practice of growing more that 1 crop on the same field

Question 42

What does the index of biodiversity look like?

Answer 42

d= N(N-1) / the sum of n(n-1)

Question 43

Is a more biodiverse area organism dominant or climate dominant?

Answer 43

Organism dominant

Question 44

Is a less biodiverse area organism dominant or climate dominant?

Answer 44

Climate dominant

Question 45

Name 4 human agricultural activities reducing biodiversity

Answer 45

Use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides Removing hedgerows Draining ponds/wetlands Establishing monocultures through agriculture

Question 46

Name 4 human conservation activities increasing biodiversity

Answer 46

Using organic fertilisers and reducing pesticide use Maintaining 'A' shaped hedgerows Creating natural meadows and planting native trees Rotating crops and using N-fixing crops

Question 47

Interspecific variation

Answer 47

Variation in characteristics between species

Question 48

Intraspecific variation

Answer 48

Variation in characteristics within species

Question 49

Why are DNA sequences better to analyse diversity than observable characteristics?

Answer 49

Observable characteristics are influenced by the environment while DNA sequences are not

Question 50

What process accumulates differences between closely related species over time?

Answer 50

Meiosis

Question 51

Can amino acid sequences be compared instead of DNA sequences?

Answer 51

Yes as amino acid sequences are determined by mRNA, which is in turn determined by DNA

Question 52

What protein is used when immunologically comparing species?

Answer 52

Albumin

Question 53

What does a higher amount of precipitate show in the immunological technique for comparing species?

Answer 53

That species is more related to the studied species

Question 54

What is the firefly courtship courtship ritual?

Answer 54

Pulses of light

Question 55

What is the cricket courtship courtship ritual?

Answer 55

Sounds in a code

Question 56

What is the peacock courtship courtship ritual?

Answer 56

The males' colourful tails

Question 57

What is the butterfly courtship courtship ritual?

Answer 57

The males release pheromones to attract females

Question 58

Taxon

Answer 58

One of the levels in the taxonomic hierarchy

Question 59

How can pesticides affect secondary and tertiary consumers?

Answer 59

The pesticides kill the primary consumers which removes the food source for secondary consumers, and in turn the tertiary consumers

Question 60

4 examples of conservation schemes

Answer 60

Legal protection to endangered species SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) AONBs (Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty) Environmental Stewardship Scheme (encourages farmers to conserve biodiversity)

Question 61

What is the value returned by the index of biodiversity in a monoculture?

Answer 61

1

Question 62

Is a more biodiverse area a higher or lower score on the index of biodiversity?

Answer 62

Higher