Specific Diseases Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What is bolus insulin secretion?
A
Increased insulin release after a meal
2
Q
What is basal insulin secretion?
A
Insulin release overnight and between meals to maintain constant glucose levels
3
Q
What are common complications of diabetes?
A
Retinopathy, nephropathy, nerve damage, sexual dysfunction, hypertension, and loss of peripheral circulation
4
Q
What is HbA1C?
A
Measuring glucose bound to hemoglobin. Measures the average past 6-8 weeks blood glucose.
5
Q
What are Korotkoff sounds?
A
Sounds between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure
6
Q
What is borderline high systolic bp?
A
120-140
7
Q
What is normal systolic bp?
A
under 120
8
Q
What is borderline diastolic bp?
A
80-90
9
Q
What is normal diastolic bp?
A
under 80
10
Q
What is coronary artery disease?
A
Blockage of an artery supplying the heart
11
Q
What is an MI?
A
Ischemia causes some of the heart muscle to die
12
Q
What is the most common cause of heart disease?
A
Atherosclerosis
13
Q
What is Atherosclerosis?
A
Buildup of plaque on artery walls
14
Q
What is arteriosclerosis?
A
any impairment of blood supply or reduction of
arterial elasticity
15
Q
What is “good cholesterol”?
A
HDL (Good at above 60)
16
Q
What is bad cholesterol?
A
LDL (Below 160 with no risk factors); Can lead to atherosclerosis
17
Q
What is C-reactive protein (CRP)?
A
An indicator of systemic inflammation, CRP predicts heart disease risk, in ppl with heart disease it can predict mortality risk
18
Q
What is homocysteine?
A
Methionine biproduct; high levels are associated with heart disease risk and anger
19
Q
What is the most common type of stroke?
A
Ischemic stroke; blood clot forms and blocks flow to brain
20
Q
What is a transient ischemic attack?
A
TIA, “warning stroke”, a true stroke will often follow
21
Q
What is an aneurism?
A
blood-filled pouches that balloon
out from weak spots in the artery wall. They’re
often caused or made worse by high blood
pressure.
22
Q
What are the warning signs of a stroke?
A
Unilateral weakness, sudden confusion, trouble seeing, lost coordination, and sudden severe headache with no cause
23
Q
Which stroke type are you more likely to recover from?
A
Hemorrhagic because the brain cells aren’t usually killed like with ischemic stroke
24
Q
What are risk factors for heart disease?
A
Smoking, obesity, low physical activity, stress, drug abuse, diet, chronic gingivitis, and even type A personality
25
What is the best predictor of heart disease risk?
Hostility
26
How does aspirin reduce risk of first heart attack?
Reducing prostaglandins and decreasing clotting
27
What is primary prevention?
Stopping a disease from occuring
28
What is secondary prevention?
prevent disease in people at high risk or with early signs
29
What is tertiary prevention?
prevent the complications or bad outcomes once a person has a disease
30
What is a carcinoma?
Cancer of epithelial tissue in skin and organ linings
31
What is a sarcoma?
Cancer of connective tissue or bone
32
What is cancer stage 0?
Cancer in situ (surface cells)
33
What is cancer stage 1?
localized growth
34
What is cancer stage 2?
Limited local spread of cancerous
cells
35
What is cancer stage 3?
Extensive local and regional
spread
36
What is cancer stage 4?
Distant metastasis
37
How common is skin cancer?
Around 50% of americans who reach 65 will get it
38
What is Mohs' surgery for skin cancer?
combination of
freezing and shaving thin layers of
skin that are examined
microscopically
39
What are some less well known risks for breast cancer?
Older a woman is when she has her first child, never had children, obesity after menopause, and hormone therapy
40
What are the most common breast cancer treatments?
Local (surgery), chemo, radiation, hormone therapy (blocking them or ovary removal), immunotherapy (immune cells kill cancer cells)
41
What is the more common type of lung cancer?
Non Small cell (spreads more slowly)
42
What are common lung cancer treatments?
Surgery, chemo, photodynamic therapy, targeted therapy, and immune therapy
43
What is photodynamic therapy?
patient is given a drug
that attaches to cancer cells, cells exposed to
light (usually laser) and the light activates the
drug killing the cancer cell
44
What is targeted cancer therapy?
drugs are matched to tumor DNA
45
What is asthma?
Reversible airway obstruction (spontaneously or with treatment)
46
What is dyspnea?
Abnormal or uncomfortable breathing (air hunger)
47
What causes an asthma attack?
Mucus build up, swelling, lung spasm
48
What triggers asthma?
Environmental triggers that cause inflammation, mucus secretion, or bronchospasm: secondhand smoke (ETS), dust mites, pets, mold, pollen etc., exercise, and strong emotions
49
What is exercise induced asthma?
Asthma due to exercise, cold temps make it worse, depends on sport, and chlorine can make it worse
50
What are common asthma treatments?
Exercise, albuterol (beta agonists that open airway), long-acting bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory meds (like steroids)
51
What are the side effects of corticosteroids?
Fluid retention, glucose intolerance, weight gain, increased appetite, depression, hypertension, ulcers, osteoporosis
52
What is peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
Measuring ability to push air out of lungs, reduced by asthma, used to monitor asthma severity; measured by zones (Green, yellow, red (50% of your normal)
53
What is COPD?
Irreversible airway obstruction; often caused by smoking
54
What is emphysema?
Lung tissue destruction, chronic cough, chest tightness etc, leads to complete disability then death
55
What are the common COPD presentations?
Pink puffers: increased breathing effort to get O2
Blue bloaters: suffering from lack of O2, cannot breath had enough to meet demand
56
At what length of time is it chonic pain?
6 months
57
What is secondary gain?
In the instance of pain, we do behaviors that are rewarded by sympathy (like crying)
58
What is the gate control theory?
We get signals from the periphery and the "spinal gate" determines what gets to our brain. This controls our pain experience. Descending pathways can also close the gate
59
What is the pathway from nerves to brain?
Nerve --> substantia gelatinosa --> reticular formation (immediate action) OR thalamus to cortex
60
How do we close the "gate" of pain to the brain?
1. Stimulate fast fibers (applying ice, rubbing the area)
2. Inhibition from the brain (distraction, motivation, fear)
61
What are the 3 components of pain?
Nociception, emotion, and cognition
61
What are the 3 components of pain?
Nociception, emotion, and cognition
62
What is central sensitization?
Theory of chronic pain. CNS circuits disconnect from the original pain, pain signals cycle in brain without any sensory input. This causes hypersensitivity and is maintained by anxiety.
63
How common is back pain?
Prevalence around 30%. 1/3 of disability costs are for chronic back pain
64
What is a migraine?
Severe throbbing headache, more common in women, triggered by temp, sound light, hormones, allergies, and emotions
65
What are the stages of a migraine?
1. Prodrome: vague vegetative/affective symptoms
2. Aura: around 1 hr before, visual, sensory, language
3. Headache (hours to days)
4. Resolution
5. Hangover
66
What is a cluster headache?
Stabbing pain around eye. Caused by BV constriction in brain/scalp. Occurs multiple times a day for weeks/months. Associated with smoking. More common in men.
67
What is a tension headache?
Feels like a band around head. From tension in head and face muscles. Most common headache type. Caused by anxiety + stress.
68
What is fibromyalgia?
Widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue with unknown origin. Dismissed by some scientists.
69
What are triggers of fibromyalgia (FMS)?
Weather, cold environments, hormone changes, stress, exertion
70
What is myofascial pain syndrome? (MPS)
Focalized bodily pain, development of trigger points (spot starving for O2) from sensitized nearby nerves. Crearates referred pain.
71
How do we treat MPS?
Trigger point therapy, spray and stretch, injections, dry needling, chiropractor, exercise, sleep changes, low dose antidepressants, biofeedback
72
What is TENS?
Blocks the "gate" and stimulates endorphin release. High freq electrical stimulation of nerve disrupts pain signal
73
What is biofeedback?
Use an audio/visual signal that gives us feedback from relaxation, focusing, etc.
74
CBT and pain
Goal: change how you view pain to change the pain experience, coping, break stress-pain cycle, improve strength
75
How does hypnosis help pain?
Induce relaxed state, provide a suggestion (example: it will not hurt OR it isn't pain it's warmth), requires repeated sessions
76
What are the two leading causes of death globally?
Cancer and heart disease
77
What is the demographic transition?
When people move to urban areas, standards of living improve and infectious diseases drop but chronic disease rates increase (diseases of ease).
78
How many people have disabilities worldwide?
1 billion in 2020
79
What is the multi-dimensional model of disability?
Disability as a complex continuum that says how well we're able to engage in everyday activities
80
What are secondary health outcomes?
Health problems that are the result of another impairment like obesity or schizophrenia
81
What are common barriers to care?
Money, transportation, poor care, negative healthcare experiences, can't take time off, denied care
82
What are the four major health care needs?
Accessibility, affordability, availability, and quality
83
What is a care coordinator?
Person who manages complex medical needs
84
What is arthritis?
Pain + swelling of joints due to inflammation.
85
What is osteoarthritis?
Most common form of arthritis. Affects hand and weight bearing joints. Increased risk with age. Seen more in females. Can require joint replacement
86
What is gout?
Buildup of uric acid. Deposits in joints and causes inflammation. Mostly in men over 40 and diagnosed by blood tests for uric acid.
87
What rheumatoid arthritis?
Inflammation of the lining of the joints/organs. Rheumatoid nodules form under the skin in areas subject to pressure. Mostly in women
88
How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?
Mostly by rheumatoid factor antibody
89
What is lupus?
Rheumatic disease. Chronic inflammation affecting heart, lungs, skin, joints, blood-forming organs, kidneys, and nervous system
90
What are the symptoms of lupus?
Butterfly rash, discoid (scally) rash, sunlight sensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, kidney failure, blood problems, etc.
91
What are the two named autoimmune thryroid diseases form class?
Graves (hyperthyroid) and Hasimoto's (Hypothyroid from destruction of the thyroid)
92
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Known as Lou Gehrig's. Progressive neuromuscular disease that destroys nerve cells in brain (motor neurons) + spinal cord. Loss of nervous control of voluntary muscles, loss of muscle movement and finally respiratory, but does not affect cognition.
93
What is Sjogren's syndrome?
Autoimmune disease that damages the mucus membranes, especially eyes and mouth. Redness and dryness, tooth decay. Progresses to joints, thyroid, kidneys, liver, lungs, skin, nerves.
94
What does the 2nd amendment say?
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
95
Are firearms a significant public health problem?
Yes!! Millions of guns and 45,000 deaths per year, 46 billion per year in total costs. We have approx 1 gun per person BUT that's from ppl owning multiple guns.
96
What are 3 points of intervention for reducing gun injury?
Personal, environmental, political
97
What factors can lead a person to pull the trigger?
Individual characteristics, social network, firearm availability
98
When is the best point to influence a person's likelihood of pulling the trigger?
The point of decision
99
What are life course trajectories?
patterns of cognition, affect, and behavior that are coherent
and stable over time (e.g., eating and exercise habits)
100
What are transitions in the life course?
points in life where changes in context and setting occur (e.g.,
starting college, getting married, having a child, retirement)
101
What are turning points in the life course?
transitions where a major change in trajectory occurs (e.g.,
become a vegetarian, death of spouse, give up premed)
102
What is the life course analysis?
Understanding the cumulative impact of trajectories, settings, and transitions on physical and emotional well-being
103
What is cumulative exposure?
Repeated exposure to certain risk factors
104
What is risk clustering?
Life trajectory exposes an individual to multiple correlated risks (example: smoking)
105
Life course analysis of infants and toddlers
Life trajectories come from parents and begin to form, main health challenges are infectious disease, failure to thrive, and unintentional injury
106
Life course analysis of pre-school
Preferences and habits form. Health challenges added are gender identity, obesity risk, delayed learning
107
Life course analysis of primary school
Personal and cultural identity forms, peer groups. Health challenges added are metabolic syndrome and possible substance use
108
Life course analysis of pre-adolescence
Fixation of personal and social identity. New challenges: isk of violence, suicide, self-regulation of health, more substance use, risky behaviors
109
Life course analysis of adolescence
Person autonomy transition. New challenges: criminal behavior, weight gain, chronic and mental illnesses emerge
110
What are Levinson's life phases?
Pre adulthood – birth to 17
* Early adult transition 17-22
* Early adulthood 22-45
* Mid life transition 40-45
* Middle adulthood 45-65
* Late adulthood after 65
111
Life course analysis of adult transition
Full autonomy. Challenges: starting health habits, serious mental illness, coping with daily hassles and stress, setting stage for later chronic diseases, obesity at this time can put you at high risk for lifelong obesity
112
Life course analysis of early adulthood
Career and family. Health: maintaining activity and strength, cumulative exposure, fewer risky behaviors but still risk for violence, substance use, and suicide
113
Life course analysis of middle adulthood
Turning points, caring for aging parents, come to terms with purpose of your life. Challenges: physical, cognitive, and social decline. Health problems like cancer emerge.
114
Life course analysis of late adulthood
LOTS of changes. Transition to retirement, death of close family and friends, money, closure, isolation. Life threatening health problems, facing death
115
What was the Tuskegee Syphilis study?
Done on African American men with syphilis. Did not give them treatment, most died from the disease AND infected their partners.
116
What is the Nuremberg Code?
Standards to prevent inhumane human experiments. Called for informed consent, injury, and qualified scientists.
117
What are the four pillars of medical and research ethics?
Autonomy, non-maleficence (do no harm), justice (equity not equality), and beneficence (seek best outcome)
118
What is medical power of attorney?
Allowing another person to make medical decisions for you if you can't, interpret your advanced directives and make decisions
119
What is faith?
Belief without proof. Willingness to act on those beliefs, trust, and a feeling of assurance that we're at home in the world
120
What is fanaticism?
When you're so sure you are right that you impose your beliefs on others
121
What are super-empirical forces?
There may be
energies we cannot yet measure that are part
of many religious traditions. These energies
may be accessed through prayer, worship,
meditation, and other healing practices.
122
What is the happiness equation?
Happiness =haves / (wants+needs)
123
What is consumerism?
There may be
energies we cannot yet measure that are part
of many religious traditions. These energies
may be accessed through prayer, worship,
meditation, and other healing practices.; Inflates the denominator of the happiness equation!! ENEMY OF HAPPINESS.
124
What are the three degrees of freedom in life?
1. Ideal job
2. Live in ideal location
3. Share life with ideal person
We rarely get al 3 all the time!!
125
What do we mean by tending your garden?
Build a personal environment that allows us to grow, have good health, and be happy. Accept what you cannot control
