Specific immune response Flashcards
(21 cards)
What does the specific immune response involve
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
What are B and T lymphocytes?
white blood cells with a large nucleus and specialised receptors on their plasma membranes
what does the immune response produce?
Antibodies and immunological memory through release of memory cells
What types of cells can T lymphocytes differentiate or develop into?
T helper cells, T killer cells, T memory cells, T regulator cells
What do T helper cells do?
release cytokines that stimulate B cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis
What do T killer cells do?
attack and kill host body cells that display the foreign antigen
What do T memory cells do?
Provide long term immunity
What do T regulator cells do?
Shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been successfully removed. They also prevent autoimmunity
What do B lymphocytes develop into?
Plasma cells and B memory cells
What are plasma cells?
circulate the blood manufacturing and releasing the antibodies
what do B memory cells do?
Remain in the body for a number of years and act as the immunological memory
How is the immune response coordinated?
through cell signalling. Through release of chemicals called cytokines
How are macrophages involved in communication?
release monokines, some monokines attract neutrophils (through chemotaxis) and other stimulate B cells to differentiate and release antibodies
How are T cells involved in communication?
T cells and macrophages release interleukins which can stimulate the clonal expansion and differentiation of B and T cells
What is interferon?
released by many cells to inhibit virus replication and stimulate activity of T killer cells
when does a autoimmune disease occur?
When the immune system attacks a part of the body, antibodies attack own antigens
what are the causes of autoimmune disease?
unknown, seem to be environmental and genetic
What are examples of autoimmune responses?
Arthiritis: painful inflammation of a joint, antibodies attack membranes around the joint
Lupus: swelling or pain in any part of the body, may be associated with anitbodies that attack certain proteins in the nucleus in cells and affected tissues
What occurs in 1st stage (activation) of the immune response?
clonal selection- invading pathogen has specific antigens, B or T lymphocytes detect this using specific receptors on their plasma membrane. Contact between antigen and lymphocyte can be achieved directly when the pathogen enters the lymph nodes or by the action of the antigen presenting cells
What occurs in 2nd stage of the specific immune response?
Clonal expansion- once the correct lymphocytes have been activated they msu increase in number to become effective, this occurs by mitotic cell division
What occurs in the 3rd stage of the specific immune response?
differentiation- the B and T lymphocytes do not manufacture the antibodies directly. once selected, clones of the lymphocytes develop into a range of useful cells
