Specific Sport Injuries

Question 1

Why is a lateral ankle sprain more prevalent than medial ankle sprain

Answer 1

Weaker ligaments
Fibula acts as a mechanical barrier
Most people land in an inverted foot position

Question 2

Lateral ankle sprain is what percentage of all sporting injuries

Answer 2

10-15%

Question 3

Injury sequence of a lateral ankle sprain

Answer 3

Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Muscluotendinous units supporting the ankle joint

Question 4

Stress fracture

Answer 4

Hairline or microscopic break in bone due to repetitive stress rather than trauma

Question 5

Stress fracture risk factors and symptoms

Answer 5

Inadequate shock absorption, sudden increase in training, nutrition factors are all among risk as well as it being more common in post menopausal women.
There is pain and swelling at locality, pain at rest, can be diagnosed via a bone scan, a stress reaction may proceed, takes 6-8 weeks for the bone the heal

Question 6

Achilles’ tendon bursitis

Answer 6

Repeated trauma/ friction causing inflammation of the bursa
Tendocaneal- irritated by shoes especially heal
Retrocaneal- irritated by calcaneous and/ or tendon
Causes pain in back of heels when running, wearing shoes or swelling
Cannot use massage but heel raise, Ice, shoe change if acute and a bursa resection if it is chronic

Question 7

Plantar faciitis (muscle under foot is the plantar fascia)- causes

Answer 7

Inflamation caused by excessive stretching of the plantar fascia
Caused by overpronation (flat feet), reduced range in Dorsi flexion, sudden increase in activity, excessive weight, improper fitting footwear.

Question 8

Plantar fasciitis symptoms

Answer 8

Stiffness and pain first thing in the morning
Pain upon direct pressure over site of disfunction
Pain upstairs, on tiptoes or standing for long periods
Pain sometimes lessons as exercise continues
Associated tightness if achillies and gastrocnemius

Question 9

Achilles tendonitis and causes

Answer 9

Chronic micro tears to Achilles tendon by repetitive activity
Caused by overuse, chronic increase in training, unaccustomed activities, overpronation, excessive tension into dorsiflexion

Question 10

Symptoms of Achilles tendonitis

Answer 10

Pain upon palpating
Pain on tendon during exercise 
Possible creaking/ crepitus upon movement 
Pain and stiffness in the morning 
Pain when walking upstairs

Question 11

What are Shin splints

Answer 11

Generic complain for pain in the shin area, stress fracture, compartment syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, periostitis of medial tibia due to attachment of soleus and it contracting eccentrically

Question 12

Causes of shin splints

Answer 12

Overpronation
Sudden increase in training
Running in spikes and forefoot strikers and hard surfaces
Sports with repeated landing and taking off
Insufficient warmup
Tight soleus muscles

Question 13

Compartment syndrome- and acute vs chronic

Answer 13

When the muscle becomes too big for the fascia that surrounds it
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency but we can treat chronic compartment syndrome with a hands on technique
Acute- trauma, 3rd degree tear, fractures
Chronic- hypertrophy, venous/ arterial blood supply impaired, hypoxia causing pain on hard surfaces

Question 14

Symptoms of compartment syndrome

Answer 14

Sharp pain in muscles 
Weakness, sensory loss, lack of pulse 
Swelling and tenderness 
Pain during exercise and goes at rest 
Difficulty in plantar and Dorsi flexion

Question 15

Causes of ACL

Answer 15

Lateral blow
Trauma forcing femur backwards
External rotation and valgus strain

Question 16

PCL sprain causes

Answer 16

Hypertension
Falling on tibial tuberosity
Trauma forcing tibia backwards

Question 17

Meniscal tear

Answer 17

Cause by strong and sudden twisting, deep knee bends or a lateral blow and MCL damage

Causes pain inside joint and along joint line, locking clicking and giving way, inability to fully extend

Question 18

Osgood schlatters disease

Answer 18

Inflammation of the periosteum at the attachment of the patella tendon, cause by overuse/ repeated trauma often in combination with a growth spurt.
Causes pain on palpation of tibial tuberosity, pain with resisted knee extension, tightness of quads and red and hot skin

Question 19

Piriformis syndrome

Answer 19

Condition in which the piriformis spasms and causes buttock pain. Can also irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and potentially into the food

Question 20

Causes of piriformis syndrome

Answer 20

Lumbar spine pathology
Overuse
Gait

Question 21

Patellofemoral syndrome (chondromalciacia patella)

Answer 21

Degeneration of the posterior surface of the patella caused by a Q angle greater than 18-20 degrees
Tight itb and quads
Disparity between lateral and medial quads
Weak abductors
Overuse or repetitive trauma

Question 22

Symptoms of patellofemoral syndrome (chondromalscia patella)

Answer 22

Anterior pain in knee joint and medial border of the patella
Pain downstairs, sitting, standing and squatting
Crepitus, creaking
Sometimes swelling

Question 23

Illiotibial band syndrome (runners knee)

Answer 23

Inflamation of the ITB as it moves over the lateral femoral condyle caused by overuse
Overpronation
Tight lateral tissues, TfL and glut max specifically
Leg length discrepancy
Poor biomechanics

Question 24

Symptoms of runners knee (illiotibial band syndrome)

Answer 24

Pain in lateral knee
Pain running downhill or climbing stairs
Click when knee bends to 30 degrees
Tenderness to oalpste

Question 25

Osteoarthritis of the knee

Answer 25

Degeneration of the articular cartilage within the knee | Chance of development increases with heredity, gender, obesity, gender, joint overuse

Question 26

Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee

Answer 26

``` Swelling Pain and stiffness with pain at rest at advanced stages Crepitus Increased temperature Reduced mobility and X ray changes ```

Question 27

Trochanteric bursitis

Answer 27

Inflammation of either the deep bursa or the greater trochanter caused by overpronation, running on cambered roads and a trauma or blow to the area

Question 28

Symptoms of trochanteric bursitis

Answer 28

Pain on running Swelling and inflamation Pain on passive abductors Radiating at night

Question 29

Rotator cuff strain

Answer 29

75% of all shoulder pain is in the supraspinatus tendon | Weakest point is 1 cm from the attachment to the greater tuberosity of the humerous

Question 30

Rotator cuff strain can be caused by

Answer 30

Trauma- direct fall into shoulders and lifting heavy objects Or overuse- increase age or use decreases blood flow and elasticity

Question 31

Symptoms of rotator cuff strain

Answer 31

Intense pain when injury occurs if acute Pain on palpation Pain on resisted movement

Question 32

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) stages

Answer 32

Stage 1- painful (gradual onset) 2-9 months Stage 2- stiffening, progressive loss of motion, 4-12 months Stage 3- thawing phase, 6-9 months, gradual motion improvement

Question 33

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) causes and symptoms

Answer 33

Caused by hormonal release, genetic component, autoimmune response to unhurt, fracture surgery Symptoms- pain and stiffness, decreases range of movement and pain at night

Question 34

Dislocated shoulder

Answer 34

Most common traumatic sporting injury Male 9:1 women Either anterior or posterior but much greater incidence of anterior dislocation

Question 35

Lateral and medial epicondylitis

Answer 35

Tennis elbow and golfers elbow Degenerative overuse injury to the flexor and extensor tendons Pain on palpation and resisted movement Weakness in movement and pain may radiate down the forearm

Question 36

Subacromial burstisis

Answer 36

Inflammation of the bursa underneath the acromion and on top of the supraspinatus tendon. Cause by a fall or blow to the shoulder, supraspinatus tendonopathy or overuse of arm above shoulder level

Question 37

Sciatica

Answer 37

Pressure on the sciatic nerve at a point along its course caused by prolapsed disk, spondylothesis, space occupying lesion, ostephytic growths and piriformis

Question 38

Sciatica symptoms

Answer 38

Radiating pain down the leg, possible lower back pain dependant upon cause

Question 39

Whiplash

Answer 39

Rapid extension followed by flexion or vice Versa Graded 1 to 4 Grade 1- stiffness and tenderness but no physical signs and no loss of mobility Grade 4- neck complaints, fracture, dislocation of injury to spinal chord

Question 40

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 40

Impingement on the median nerve through the carpal tunnel caused by inflamation of flexor tendons, pregnancy, fracture or hand intensive activities