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Microbiology - Parasitology > Specimen Collection and Processing > Flashcards

Specimen Collection and Processing Flashcards

1
Q

the most common procedure performed in the area of parasitology is the examination of a stool specimen for _

A

ova and parasites (abbreviated as O&P)

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2
Q

ova refers to the _ stage of parasite

A

egg

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3
Q

When present, the protozoan forms known as _ may be recovered from these samples.

A

trophozoites and cysts

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4
Q

_ stages, such as eggs, larvae, proglottids, and adult worms, may also be found.

A

Helminth

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5
Q

The typical stool collection protocol con- sists of three specimens, one specimen collected every other day or a total of _ collected in _.

A

3; 10 days

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6
Q

Stool samples from patients whose therapy includes _ oil should be col- lected prior to therapy or not until 5 to 7 days after the completion of therapy.

A

barium, bismuth, or mineral

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7
Q

Collection of speci- mens from patients who have taken antibiotics or antimalarial medications should be delayed for _ following therapy.

A

2 weeks

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8
Q

Amount of stool required for parasite study

A

2-5 g; “walnut size”

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9
Q

t/f. Urine should not be allowed to con- taminate the stool specimen because it has been known to destroy some parasites.

A

true

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10
Q

Stool should not be retrieved from toilet bowl water because _ may be con- fused with human parasites.

A

free-living protozoa and nematodes

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11
Q

To demonstrate the motil- ity of protozoan trophozoites, a _ specimen is required.

A

fresh

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12
Q

liquid stool must be examined within _

A

30 minutes

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13
Q

usually found in liquid stool

A

trophozoites

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14
Q

semiformed specimen should be evaluated within

A

1 hour

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15
Q

usually seen in semiformed specimen

A

protozoan cysts and trophozoites

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16
Q

formed specimens can be held for _

A

24 hours

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17
Q

substances that preserve the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of certain helminth eggs and larvae

A

fixatives

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18
Q

recommended part of fixative and stool

A

3:1

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19
Q

The specimen must be fixed in the preservative for at least _ minutes before processing begins.

A

30

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20
Q

all-purpose fixative for the recovery of protozoa and helminths

A

formalin

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21
Q

5% formalin concentration ideally preserves

A

protozoan cysts

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22
Q

10% formalin concentration ideally preserves

A

helminth eggs and larvae

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23
Q

does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears (-)

A

formalin

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24
Q

a plastic powder that acts as an adhesive for the stool specimen when preparing slides for staining

A

polyvinyl alcohol

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25
Q

PVA combined with Schaudinn solution has _ chloride base which can cause potential health problem.

A

mercuric

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26
Q

viable alternative to the use of PVA and Schaudinn fixative

A

SAF (sodium acetate formalin)

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27
Q

requires a single vial and it is mercury-free

A

SAF

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28
Q

SAF is easy to prepare, has a long shelf life, and can be used for preparing smears for staining with the modified acid-fast stain to detect _

A

coccidian oocysts

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29
Q

t/f
SAF-preserved specimens is not as clear in permanent stains as when mercury-containing preservatives are used.

A

true

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30
Q

SAF for permanent stains with _ provide better results

A

iron hematoxylin

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31
Q

Other alternatives to mercury-based PVA are the use of sub- stitute compounds containing copper sulfate or zinc sulfate

A

modified polyvinyl alcohol

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32
Q

free of formalin and mercury and can be used for concentration techniques and permanent stained smears

A

alternative single-vial systems

33
Q

Conspicuously fibrous

A

hard (dark brown)

34
Q

Fiber scanty to moderate

A

soft (black)

35
Q

colloidal (homogenous)

A

mushy (brown)

36
Q

scanty mucus

A

loose (pale brown)

37
Q

much mucus

A

diarrheic (clay)

38
Q

mucus with scanty blood

A

watery, liquid (yellow)

39
Q

formed stool color

A

red-brown

40
Q

semiformed stool color

A

green, other

41
Q

The microscopic examination of stool for ova and parasites involves three distinct procedures:

A
  1. direct wet preparation
  2. concentration technique
  3. permanent staining
42
Q

it is necessary for the microscope to contain a specially designed ocular piece equipped with a measuring scale known as

A

ocular micrometer

43
Q

The ocular micrometer is a disk that is inserted into the _ of the micro- scope.

A

eyepiece

44
Q

primary purpose is to detect the presence of motile protozoan trophozoites

A

direct wet preparation

45
Q

added preservative in direct wet prep

A

saline or iodine

46
Q

% of saline in direct wet prep

A

0.85%

47
Q

A direct iodine wet preparation may be made to enhance the detail of protozoan _

A

cysts

48
Q

to aggregate parasites present into a small volume of the sample and to remove as much debris as possible that might hinder the labora- tory technician’s ability to see any parasites present clearly

A

concentration techniques

49
Q

2 types of concentration methods

A
  • flotation
  • sedimentation
50
Q

most widely used sedimentation technique that provides good recovery of most para- sites and is easy to perform

A

Formalin–Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Procedure

51
Q

it yields a cleaner preparation, making it easier for microscopic examination but some helminth eggs are very dense and will not float

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

52
Q

to confirm the presence of protozoa cysts and/or trophozoites by staining intracellular organelles

A

permanent stains

53
Q

if a permanent stained smear is not performed, this parasite will likely be missed

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

54
Q

Helminth eggs or larvae are best detected and identified using a

A

concentration technique

55
Q

Two common stains used for routine O&P testing include

A

trichrome (Wheatley modifica- tion) and iron hematoxylin

56
Q

most widely used stain with a relatively long shelf life and the procedure is easy to perform

A

wheatley trichrome

57
Q

reveals excellent morphology of the intestinal protozoa

A

iron hematoxylin

58
Q

A modified iron hematoxylin stain has been developed that incorporates a _ step; this allows for the detection of acid-fast parasites

A

carbol fuchsin

59
Q

from which area can the Enterotest be used to collect specimens?

A

duodenum

60
Q

how many hours Enterost incubates

A

4 hours

61
Q

helpful for detecting E. histolytica

A

sigmoidoscopy material

62
Q

for the detection of Enterobius vermicularis

A

cellophane tape prep

63
Q

in cellophane tape prep, when does the specimen collected?

A

morning before the patient washes or defecates

64
Q

If malaria is suspected, it is best to prepare smears within _ of collection.

A

1 hour

65
Q

smear for frequently satisfactory screening purooses

A

thick smear

66
Q

smear that provides best biew of the malarial parasite in the RBCs and recommended for species indentification

A

thin smears

67
Q

two permanent stains commonly used

A

• Wright’s stain
• Giemsa stain

68
Q

preferred stain because it allows for the detection of parasite detail necessary for species identification

A

giemsa stain

69
Q

to concentrate blood specimens sus- pected of containing low numbers of microfilariae

A

knott technique

70
Q

knott technique consist of 1ml of blood and _ of _

A

10 mL of 2% formalin

71
Q

specimen collected for the diagnosis of amebic conditions

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

72
Q

recommended for the recovery of a number of parasites, including intracellular organisms such as Leishmania spp. and T. gondii.

A

Tissue and biopsy specimens

73
Q

sputum typically collected and tested from patients suspected of being infected by the lung fluke _

A

Paragonimus westermani

74
Q

specimen for Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

eye specimen

75
Q

is best diagnosed by the collection and examination of corneal scrapings.

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

76
Q

t/f. Mouth scrapings are the sample of choice for the detection of E. gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, whereas nasal discharge specimens are helpful for the recovery of parasites such as N. fowleri.

A

true

77
Q

Useful in the detection of Onchocerca volvulus

A

skin snips

78
Q

a technique used for the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease

A

xenodiagnosis

Microbiology - Parasitology (4 decks)

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