Speech

Question 1

what is the structure of language?

Answer 1

1. phonetics (speech sounds)
2. phonology (sound system)
3. morphology (word formation)
4. syntax (sentence structure)
5. semantics (meaning)
6. pragmatics (language in context)

Question 2

what do phonetics describe?

Answer 2

the speech sounds that occur in language

Question 3

what do phonetics consist of?

Answer 3

• articulatory (how speech sounds are produced)
• auditory (how speech sounds are perceived)
• acoustic (the physical properties of sounds)

Question 4

what is phonology concerned with?

Answer 4

the way speech sounds form systems within a language

Question 5

what are phones?

Answer 5

the inventory of phonetic segments and distinct [sounds] in a language

Question 6

what are phonemes?

Answer 6

the /smallest/ sounds in language that distinguish between words

Question 7

what is used to determine between the phonemes of a language?

Answer 7

minimal pairs

Question 8

how can languages differ in regard to phonemes?

Answer 8

in which phones they choose to use as phonemes

• when two sounds are allophones (variations of the same phoneme) it is difficult to distinguish between them

Question 9

process of language production:

Answer 9

1. conceptualisation
2. formulation
3. articulation
4. self-monitoring

Question 10

what does conceptualisation consist of?

Answer 10

prelinguistic message planning of what to express

Question 11

what does formulation consist of?

Answer 11

determining how to express information by using lemmas and lexemes
- lexicalisation
- syntactic planning
- phonological encoding
- phonetic planning

Question 12

what is articulation?

Answer 12

expressing/pronouncing information

Question 13

what component did weaver introduce, and what does this involve?

Answer 13

self-monitoring
- internal monitoring of what you’re going to say
- external monitoring that exists during speech

Question 14

how many speech sounds are made per second?

Answer 14

around 15

Question 15

why do large speech errors occur?

Answer 15

less attention is paid to speech production rather than comprehension

Question 16

type of speech error: shift

Answer 16

in case she DECIDE to HITS it

Question 17

type of speech error: exchange

Answer 17

fancy getting your MODEL RENOSED

Question 18

type of speech error: anticipation

Answer 18

BAKE my bike

Question 19

type of speech error: perseveration

Answer 19

he pulled a PANTRUM

Question 20

type of speech error: addition

Answer 20

i didn’t explain this CLAREFULLY

Question 21

type of speech error: deletion

Answer 21

mutter INTELLIGIBLY

Question 22

type of speech error: substitution

Answer 22

it’s too LIGHT

Question 23

type of speech error: blend

Answer 23

john is quite CABLE

Question 24

what do common speech errors suggest?

Answer 24

there are two different processes:
1. word retrieval
2. syntactic frame being constructed (tenses, plurals, and grammar)

Question 25

components of word errors

Answer 25

not restricted by distance always happen of the same type

Question 26

components of speech errors

Answer 26

made closer together can cross word types

Question 27

what does garrett's model of speech production break formulation into?

Answer 27

- functional (lexicalisation) - positional (grammatical encoding) - sound level (sound form encoding)

Question 28

what does lexicalisation consist of?

Answer 28

a two-stage retrieval process 1. meaning (lemma) 2. form (lexeme)

Question 29

semantic word substitution errors

Answer 29

glass/cup

Question 30

phonological word substitution errors

Answer 30

historical/hysterical

Question 31

what do different types of word substitution errors suggest?

Answer 31

semantic and phonological processes are seperate

Question 32

what does tip-of-the-tongue involve?

Answer 32

remembering partial information, e.g., initials, sounds, syllables, and stress patterns

Question 33

what can ToTs result in?

Answer 33

phonologically related words (interlopers) being activated instead

Question 34

how can lexicalisation explain ToTs?

Answer 34

failure in the second stage of lexicalisation 1. lemma (meaning/syntactic) 2. lexeme (form and sound) failure in the lexeme stage results in having meaning without sound

Question 35

the blocking hypothesis believes...

Answer 35

interlopers prevent activation of the correct word

Question 36

transmission deficit hypothesis believes...

Answer 36

weak links between meaning and word form result in limited activation of the correct word

Question 37

what provides evidence of self-monitoring

Answer 37

- speech errors - ToTs - picture naming - picture-word inteference

Question 38

which hypothesis is favoured by evidence?

Answer 38

the transmission-deficit account - ToTs do not increase alongside phonological neighbours, actually the opposite happens - bilingual speakers have weaker links between meaning/sound, leading to more ToTs

Question 39

picture naming findings

Answer 39

- long-term facilitation for naming lasts over many trials - no effect for homophone priming (must require the same meaning for priming)

Question 40

what does picture word interference show?

Answer 40

phonologically related words result in faster naming than semantically related words

Question 41

schriefers et al (1990)

Answer 41

- early semantic priming resulted in inhibition - later phonological priming resulted in facilitation

Question 42

discrete lexicalisation

Answer 42

semantics (meaning) are activated before phonology

Question 43

interactive lexicalisation: cascading

Answer 43

activation flows to the form lexicon before a single lemma has been selected - multiple word forms are activated

Question 44

interactive lexicalisation: feedback

Answer 44

activation cascades down and feeds back to the above level - lemma activation of related word forms

Question 45

what does feedback activation show?

Answer 45

errors are not random

Question 46

evidence of the linguistic genius of babies

Answer 46

- critical period for language acquisition (0-7y) decreases with age - exposure to mandarin improved percentage of sounds correct (no effect of TV/audio exposure) - social brain is in control of when babies take note of statistics

Question 47

when is information encoded?

Answer 47

in the first 50-60ms of fixating, and this duration is also dependent on phonology (sound systems)

Question 48

subvocalisation

Answer 48

- having more stressed syllables can increase word reading time, even when reading silently - subvocalisation during silent reading can also reflect regional accents

Question 49

stutterers had ______ ________ during silent reading for words they tend to stutter on

Answer 49

longer fixations

Question 50

34% of adults with dyslexia stuttered as a child

Answer 50

- this was moderated by the severity of their dyslexia

Question 51

50% of adults with stutters...

Answer 51

fulfilled the criteria of dyslexia, despite never being diagnosed