Speech sound midterm Flashcards by Hayley Weaver

Form Vs. Function

Audible sequence of speech sounds and the specific meaning conveyed through this sequence

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Incidence of speech sound disorders refers to…

the number of new cases identified in a specified period

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Prevalence of speech sound disorders refers to…

the number of children who are living with speech problems in a given time period. (new cases + old cases)

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How many children ages 3-17 have a speech disorder that lasted for a week or longer during the past 12 months?

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motor movements involved in sound production that comprises speech

articulation

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structures important in forming the individual sounds

articulators

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represent physical sound realities; end product of articulatory motor processes

Speech sounds/ phones

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smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other units, to distinguish meaning between words (bat vs cat).

Phonemes

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variations in phoneme productions (aka phones) that don’t changes the meaning of the word (eg. Kitten)

Allaphones

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study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language

Phonology

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description of allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language

Phonotactics

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speech sound errors noted as normal in the development of speech but persist past age of normal speech sound acquisition in some children

Delay

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atypical production of phones
Subsection of a speech sound disorder
substitutions , omissions, additions, and distortions
Eval. with a phonetic inventory

Articulation disorder

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impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinationsPhonological disorder

Phonological disorder

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contains more linguistic complexity and is a subdivision of a language disorder. Focuses on predictable, rule-based errors (fronting, stopping, final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound.

Phonology

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contains more motor movements involved in sound production that comprises speech. Focuses on errors (distortions & substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds.

Articulation

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What is form and what is function

form = speech sound
function = phoneme

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functional =

no known cause, most frequently the reason

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variations in phoneme productions (a.k.a phones) that don’t change the meaning of the word.

Allophones

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2 or more allophones never occur in exactly some phonetic environment. Keep vs. coop.

Allophonic variation

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2 types of allophonic variation

complementary distribution/ free variation

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allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment
Keep v coop
front /k/ will occur with front vowels, back /k/ will occur with back vowels

complementary disrtibution

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Allophones that can occur in same phonetic context
Released and unreleased /p/ can both occur in final position

Free variation

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Speech sound meaning and function

Meaning-establish and meaning distinguishing function
Function – speech sound turning into language

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What is phoneme and form

Sounds that are not meaning fun on their own Form – sound on its own

What are phones

variations in phoneme production

the collection of data

Appraisal

the end result of studying and interpreting these data

Diagnosis

What are the goals of evaluation (6)

Determining whether speech sounds system is sufficiently different from normal and warrants treatment Identify factors that might be related to presence or maintenance of speech sound disorder Determine treatment direction including target selection and strategies Making prognostic statements regarding change with/without treatment Monitor change (is therapy working?) Differentiate speech sound disorder from dialect

make sure the structure and function of these areas are assessed

Speech and hearing Mechanisms

Look for a history of

ear infections

process of transforming a continually changing acoustic signal into discrete linguistic units

Speech perception

There is no link between...

iq and speech disorder

People who have __________ are likely to have speech sound disorders

cognitive impairment

There is a relationship between _________ and speech sound disorder

syntactic complexity

Treating a language disorder may indirectly improve _____accuracy

Speech sound

Kids w SSD often have difficulty with _____

Reading

Age – positive correlation between age and skills Family background – first born has better artic skills Personality – no evidence of correlation

/a/:

Low front unrounded

/i/:

a high-front, unrounded.

/e/: \

a mid-front vowel, unrounded.

/I/: \

a high-front unrounded vowel.

/o/:

a mid-back rounded vowel.

/u/:

high-back unrounded vowel

Narrow band

Phonetic Enclosed in brackets [ ] Describes allophones or variations in phonemes

Broadband

Phonemic Enclosed in virgules / / less detailed and only concerned with phonemes

/p/

Bilabial, voiceless, stop

/b/

bilabial, voiced, stop

/t/

alveolar, voiceless, stop

/d/

alveolar, voiced, stop

/k/

Velar, voiceless, stop

/g/

Velar, voiced, stop

/f/

Labiodental, voiceless, fricative

/v/

labiodental, voiced, fricative

/th/ (circle one)

dental, voiceless, fricative

/th/ (weird f looking one)

dental, voiced, fricative

/s/

alveolar, voiceless, fricative

/z/

alveolar, voiced, fricative

/sh/

palatal, voiceless, fricative

/j/ (like in judge

palatal, voiced, fricative

/ch/

palatal, voiceless, affricate

/dj/

palatal, voiced, affricate

/l/

alvelar, voiced, liquid

/r/

palatal, voiced, liquid

/w/

bilabial, voiced, glide

/y/

palatal, voiced, glide

/m/

bilabial, voiced, nasal

/n/

alveolar, voiced, nasal

/ing/

velar, voiced, nasal

meaning attached to words (vocabulary)

semantic

minimum meaningful units in the language (words, plural markers, tense markers, etc.)

morphology

grammatical rules for putting words together

syntax

using language appropriately in social context

pragmatics

ability to string sentences together to communicate

discourse

Organic cause=

motor, sensory, structural

Traditional development intervention approach is

target early developing sounds

complexity approach is

select later developing sounds

3 way speech acquisition data is collected

Diary studies (case studies) Large-group cross-sectional studies Longitudinal studies

laying the foundation for speech (birth to 1 year) Cooing, babbling, protowords, first words

phase 1 of speech sound acquisition

phase 1

birth-1yr cooing, babbling, protowords, first words

transitioning from words to speech (1 to 2 years) Words to connected speech (two words)

phase 2 of speech sound acquisition

Phase 2

1-2 years two words

the growth of the inventory (2 to 5 years)

phase 3 of speech sound acquisition

phase 3

2-5 years

mastery of speech and literacy (5+ years)

phase 4 of speech sound acquisition

shrinbergs 3 stages

Early 8 /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/ Middle 8 /t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, ʧ, ʤ/ Late 8 /ʃ, θ, s, z, ð, l, r, Ʒ/

Syllable structure processes are the tendency of young children to reduce words to basic CV structures

1;6 to 4;0 baba mama dada

Suppression of reduplication is a common process

up to 2 years

Suppression of final consonant deletion

up to around age 3

Suppression of unstressed syllable deletion

up to 5 years "nana" for banana

Suppression of consonant cluster reduction

up to school age

the insertion of a sound segment into a word, thereby changing its syllable structure

epenthesis

the replacement of fricatives and affricates with plosives

stopping

to the tendency of young children to replace palatal and velar consonants with alveolar ones

fronting

the replacement of primarily [ɹ] and [l] with the glides [w] and [j]

gliding

mental operation substituting a more easily produced set of sounds or sound combination for a more difficult set of sounds

phonological process

Sounds produced without hindering the airstream with any blockages in the oral cavity

continuant

Sounds produced with a slow release of a total obstruction within the oral cavity

delayed release

focuses on words and structures of words (syllables)

prosodic tier

focuses on segments or speech sounds (use of distinctive features)

segmental tier

________ have the most sonority

vowels

two ways speech sounds are viewed

Motor production Expression of language

syllable nuclei

vowels

Speech sound midterm Flashcards

(103 cards)