sperm maturation & spermatogenesis

Question 1

What is semen ?

Answer 1

spermatozoa + plasma

Question 2

What are fully formed spermatozoa ?

Answer 2

elongated cells

Question 3

What is the entire spermatozoa covered by ?

Answer 3

plasma membrane

Question 4

What is the male internal/external genitalia ?

Answer 4

testis

Question 5

What is the female internal/external genitalia ?

Answer 5

ovary

Question 6

What is the function of the testes ?

Answer 6

spermatogenesis (produce spermatozoa) and steroidogenesis (produce testosterone)

Question 7

Where is the secondary spermatocyte located ?

Answer 7

closer to the lumen

Question 8

Are primary or secondary spermatocyte more developed ?

Answer 8

secondary

Question 9

Spermatids are nonmotile until they are in the ?

Answer 9

epididymis

Question 10

What is the function of the myoid cells ?

Answer 10

helps keep blood out

Question 11

What is the adluminal compartment in the seminiferous tubules ?

Answer 11

lumen

Question 12

What does the sertoli cells require ?

Answer 12

FSH and testosterone

Question 13

What all does the sertoli cells secrete ?

Answer 13

anti-mullerian hormone, estradiol, inhibin, androgen binding protein, and luminal fluid

Question 14

what does the sertoli cells form?

Answer 14

the blood-testis barrier

Question 15

The tight junctional complexes between the sertoli cells divide the seminiferous tubules into what 2 compartments?

Answer 15

basal compartment and adluminal compartment

Question 16

What is the function of the blood testis barrier ?

Answer 16

keeps blood and lymph out of seminiferous tubules so it can’t develop germ cells

Question 17

Blood testis barrier prevents entry of ______ and prevents __________ from leaving seminiferous tubules

Answer 17

antibodies; androgen binding protein

Question 18

androgen binding proteins binds androgen to maintain what and in what ?

Answer 18

increase concentrations of testosterone in seminiferous tubules

Question 19

what are the interstitial cells ?

Answer 19

leydig cells

Question 20

what is the function of leydig cells ?

Answer 20

produce testosterone

Question 21

endocrine (hormone) requirements for spermatozoa production:

Answer 21

1. GnRH secretion from hypothalamus
2. FSH and LH secretion from pituitary
3. testosterone secretion

Question 22

what does testosterone maintain ?

Answer 22

spermatogenesis

Question 23

The increase in seminiferous tubules is essential for?

Answer 23

spermatogenesis

Question 24

GnRH regulates pituitary release of _____ and ______

Answer 24

FSH and LH

Question 25

What does FSH promote, regulate, and produce?

Answer 25

promotes sertoli cell activity, regulates mitotic division, and produces spermatozoa

Question 26

What does LH stimulate in leydig cells ?

Answer 26

testosterone production

Question 27

what is estradiol produced by?

Answer 27

sertoli cells

Question 28

what does inhibin cause a decrease in?

Answer 28

FSH levels

Question 29

what does "gonadotropins" mean?

Answer 29

"growth in the gonad"

Question 30

endocrine pulsating in males provides ______ production of male gametes by the _______ and _______.

Answer 30

continual; hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 31

The relationship of LH and testosterone is by the _____ and _______

Answer 31

pituitary and gonad

Question 32

what are the functions of spermatogenesis?

Answer 32

continual sperm supply via stem cell renewal, billions of sperm daily, and maximize reproduction

Question 33

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis ?

Answer 33

1. proliferation stage 2. meiotic stage 3. differentiation stage (or spermiogenesis)

Question 34

In the first stage of spermatogenesis, the proliferation stage, what happens?

Answer 34

replication; mitotic divisions of spermatogonia

Question 35

In the second stage of spermatogenesis, the meiotic stage, what happens ?

Answer 35

reductive division (2n to 1n); results in the production of haploid spermatids

Question 36

In the third stage of spermatogenesis, the differentiation stage (or spermiogenesis), what happens?

Answer 36

round spermatid to elongated; spermatid transforms into a spermatozoon

Question 37

What is the process of mitosis ?

Answer 37

It is the process of cell division where a single cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Question 38

What is the process of meiosis 1?

Answer 38

Meiosis 1 is a cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Question 39

what is the process of meiosis 2?

Answer 39

further divide the haploid cells produced in meiosis 1, creating gametes (sperm/egg cells) with a single set of chromosomes

Question 40

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of spermatogonia ?

Answer 40

mitosis

Question 41

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of primary spermatocyte ?

Answer 41

meiosis 1

Question 42

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of secondary spermatocyte?

Answer 42

meiosis 2

Question 43

The proliferation stage happens in what compartment?

Answer 43

basal compartment

Question 44

What are the two main functions of the proliferation stage?

Answer 44

1. mitotic divisions of spermatogonia (2n) 2. stem cell renewal

Question 45

What compartment does the meiotic stage take place in ?

Answer 45

adluminal compartment

Question 46

what are the two spermatocyte located in the meiotic stage?

Answer 46

primary and secondary

Question 47

Where is the initiation of the first meiotic division ?

Answer 47

In the meiotic stage, primary spermatocyte

Question 48

In the meiotic stage, the primary spermatocyte, DNA _____ and _____ creates genetic diversity

Answer 48

DNA replication and recombination

Question 49

In the meiotic stage, the primary spermatocyte, are the two sperm identical ?

Answer 49

no two sperm are identical

Question 50

In the meiotic stage, the secondary spermatocyte, means the conclusion of what?

Answer 50

conclusion of second meiotic division

Question 51

What is the final product in the meiotic stage in the secondary spermatocytes?

Answer 51

1n spermatids

Question 52

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), there are no further what?

Answer 52

no further cell divisions

Question 53

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), spermatid turn into what?

Answer 53

spermatozoon (single sperm)

Question 54

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), what is developed in the spermatozoon?

Answer 54

development of head, midpiece, principal piece (tail)

Question 55

What are the four morphological phases of spherical spermatids into spermatozoa ?

Answer 55

1. golgi phase 2. cap phase 3. acrosomal phase 4. maturation phase

Question 56

What happens in the golgi phase ?

Answer 56

- initial acrosome formation - initial tail development, translocation of centrioles

Question 57

What happens in the cap phase?

Answer 57

acrosome membrane formed (outer and inner)

Question 58

In the cap phase, the acrosome membrane forms, and this produces what enzyme ?

Answer 58

hydrolytic enzyme

Question 59

In the cap phase, acrosome reaction happens, what is that?

Answer 59

exocytosis during fertilization, digest zona pellucida

Question 60

In the acrosomal phase, how much does the acrosome cover the nucleus ?

Answer 60

acrosome covers 2/3 of the nucleus

Question 61

In the acrosomal phase, what happens to the nucleus ?

Answer 61

The nucleus elongates

Question 62

In the maturation phase, what happens to the sperm?

Answer 62

final sperm assembly

Question 63

In the maturation phase, final sperm assembly is dependent on?

Answer 63

FSH

Question 64

In the maturation phase, the spermatid turns into what?

Answer 64

spermatozoon

Question 65

In the maturation phase, mitochondria surrounds the mid-piece in what type of fashion?

Answer 65

mitochondria surrounds the mid-piece in a helical fashion

Question 66

In the maturation phase, what does spermiation mean ?

Answer 66

sperm is released from the sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen

Question 67

What are the components of the sperm head?

Answer 67

1. nucleus 2. acrosome 3. cytoskeletal and cytoplasm

Question 68

What are the 3 functions in the sperm head?

Answer 68

1. nuclear membrane 2. chromatin keratinized with increase disulfide cross linking (insoluble) 3. protects DNA

Question 69

What are the two structures of the acrosome?

Answer 69

1. inner acrosomal membrane 2. outer acrosomal membrane

Question 70

What is the function of the capitulum in the sperm flagellum

Answer 70

attaches head to tail

Question 71

In the flagellum, define the neck or capitulum

Answer 71

fits into implantation socket of sperm head

Question 72

In the flagellum, define the middle piece

Answer 72

it is the region of the tail between the neck

Question 73

In the flagellum, define the principal piece

Answer 73

it continues posteriorly from the middle piece to near the end of the tail (axoneme)

Question 74

In the flagellum, define the end piece

Answer 74

it is posterior to the principle piece and contains the central axoneme covered by the plasma membrane

Question 75

What is another word for the principle piece ?

Answer 75

axoneme

Question 76

how does the testis produce sperm on a continual basis ?

Answer 76

the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium

Question 77

define the cycle of seminiferous epithelium (describes process in time)

Answer 77

the progression of sperm through a series of cellular stages at one location along a seminiferous tubule

Question 78

The cycle of seminiferous epithelium (describes process in time) in the stage of seminiferous tubule is defined by:

Answer 78

the generation of germ cells at the one location

Question 79

What are the stages of seminiferous tubule in the cycle of seminiferous epithelium?

Answer 79

1. spermatogonia A1 2. Spermatogonia B 3. primary spermatocyte 4. mature spermatid

Question 80

A configuration of cell types represents a single _____ of the developmental _____

Answer 80

stage; cycle

Question 81

How many stages are there in a single cycle ?

Answer 81

8