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Reproduction > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sperm made and stored?

A

→ In the testes

→ stored in the epididymis

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2
Q

What contracts during ejaculation?

A

→ The vas deferens

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3
Q

Where do the sperm travel to after the vas deferens?

A

→ Seminal vesicle which contribute seminal fluid

→ move to the prostate which also contribute secretions

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4
Q

Where does the vas deferens meet the urethra?

A

→ In the prostatic gland

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5
Q

What is responsible for erections?

A

→ Hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

→ in the scrotum outside the body cavity

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7
Q

Why are the testes located outside the body?

A

→ Optimum temperature for sperm production

→ overheating reduces sperm count

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8
Q

What is the normal volume of the testes and how is this measured?

A

→ 15-25ml

→ orchidometer

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9
Q

What do the tubules lead to?

A

→ Rete on one side

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10
Q

What does the rete lead to?

A

→ Epididymis and vas deferens

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11
Q

What is 90% of the testis made up of?

A

→ seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

→ Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

How long does it take for sperm to go from the basal side to the lumen?

A

→ 74 days

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14
Q

What are sertoli cells held together by?

A

→ Tight junctions

→form Adluminal compartment

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15
Q

What are tight junctions for?

A

→ preventing an immune response against sperm cells

→filled with blood and lymphatic vessels, Leydig cells(secrete androgens) and interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

What are the walls of the seminiferous tubules made of?

A

tall columnar endothelial cells Sertoli cells.

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17
Q

Summarise spermatogenesis in 3 steps

A

→ mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia
→ Meiosis and development of spermatocytes

→ spermiogenesis , elongation, loss of cytoplasm and movement of cellular content

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18
Q

What do spermatids remain connected by and why?

A

→ A cytoplasmic bridge

→ they form a syncytium allowing synchronous development

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19
Q

What are the 2 differences between oogonia and spermatogonia?

A

→ Cannot make more oocytes by mitosis
→ sperm can divide mitotically

→ limited supply of eggs

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20
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

→ LH binds

→ Convert cholesterol into testosterone

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21
Q

What receptors do Sertoli cells have?

A

→ FSH

22
Q

What is the function of Leydig and Sertoli cells?

A

→ Leydig cells make testosterone

→ Sertoli cells make ABP which makes testosterone more soluble so it can be concentrated in the lumen

23
Q

What happens if you take anabolic steroids?

A

→ Decrease in LH and FSH

→ Testicular atrophy occurs

24
Q

What happens during an erection?

A

→ Vasodilation of the corpus cavernosum

→ Partial constriction of the venous return

25
Q

Describe the formation of spermatozoa

A

→ The sperm start as spermatogonia which are diploid
→ they replicate by mitosis and form 2 types of cell

→ type A and type B
→ type A is used as the template and replicates again
→ type B moves into the adluminal compartment and becomes a primary spermatocyte
→ the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I and become secondary spermatocyted
→ 2ndary spermatocytes divide to form 4 daughter cells (meiosis II)
→ these are spermatids

26
Q

How often do new cycles of spermatogenesis occur?

A

→ every 16 days

27
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do during an erection?

A

→ Coordinated smooth muscle contraction of the vas deferens, glands and urethra

28
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do during an erection?

A

→ controls erections

29
Q

What does the sympathetic system do during an erection?

A

→ Controls the movment of sperm into the epididymis, vas deferens and penile urethra
→adrenergic fibres release NA to contract epididymis

30
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do during an erection?

A

→ Expulsion of glandular secretions and evacuation of the urethra

31
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

→ 300 million

32
Q

What is the normal ejaculate volume?

A

→ 1.5-6mL

33
Q

What does seminal fluid consist of?

A

→ Secretions from seminal vesicles
→ prostate

→ bulbo-urethral gland and epidydimal fluid

34
Q

What is is the function of the bulbo urethral gland?

A

→ produces a clear viscous secretion high in salt

→ pre-ejaculate

35
Q

What is the function of pre-ejaculate?

A

→ The fluid lubricates the urethra for the spermatozoa to pass through which neutralizes traces of acidic urine
→Prevents damage of sperm due to friction of speed

36
Q

What do seminal vesicle secretions contain?

A

→ Proteins
→ enzymes

→ fructose
→ mucus
→ vitamin C
→ prostaglandins

37
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle secretions?

A

→ provide an energy source

→ high pH protects again acidic environment in the vagina

38
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

→ Secretes white fluid roughly 30% of seminal fluid

39
Q

What is the function of the prostatic secretions?

A

→ High zinc concentration which is anti bacterial

→ prostatic acid, phosphatase and prostate specific antigen which are involved in liquefaction

40
Q

What should the normal morphology % be?

A

→ more than 4% normal

41
Q

What does a spermatozoa’s head contain?

A

→ Acrosome

42
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

→ The head ‘explodes’ and enzymes are released which make the sperm bury into the zona pellucida of the egg

43
Q

What do sperm need to undergo for them to be functional?

A

→ Capacitation

44
Q

When does capacitation need to occur?

A

→ 4-18 hours of being released

45
Q

What is the mitochondrial sheath for?

A

→ Swimming

46
Q

What does the axoneme consist of and where is it ?

A

→ 9 pairs of tubules with a pair down the center

→ tail

47
Q

Which part of the ejaculate is sperm rich?

A

→Initial portion

→99.9% lost before reaching ampulla of the uterine tube.

48
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

Normalsemencomes out thick during ejaculation- deposited near cervix
→Liquefactiontime measures how long it takes before it becomes liquid. J
→ Proteases from prostate mediates it

49
Q

What is the role of the axoneme?

A

→Use ATPP from mitochondria to slide against each other

→generates the propulsive force for sperm cell movement

50
Q

How does viagra help with erection problems?

A

→inhibits phosphodiesterase which breaks down cGMP

→cGMP dilates corpus carvenosa

Reproduction (12 decks)

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