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Spermatogenesis Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Define Anisogamy

A

difference in size of male and female gametes

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2
Q

What 2 things do the testes produce?

A
  1. Sex hormones

2. Spermatazoa

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3
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia -> Spermatozoa

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4
Q

What 3 events makeup spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis (proliferation): mitosis to increase number (up to 36)
  2. Meiosis: of primary and secondary spermatocytes
  3. Spermiogenesis (differentiation): spherical spermatids change into spermatazoa
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5
Q

Generations of spermatagonia during spermatocytogenesis

A

A1-4, intermediate (point of no return), B

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6
Q

When do spermatogonia becomes primary spermatocytes?

A

Beginning of meiosis

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7
Q

Breakdown of spermatogonia to spermatozoa

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis: A1-4, I and B spermatogonia
  2. Meiosis: Primary spermatocyte (first meiotic division) -> secondary spermatocyte -(secondary meiotic division)> Spermatids
  3. Spermiogenesis: spermatids differentiated into spermatozoa
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8
Q

What compartment does spermatocytogenesis occur in?

A

Basal compartment

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9
Q

What compartment does Meiosis and spermeiogenesis occur in?

A

Adluminal compartment

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10
Q

Function of adluminal and basal compartments?

A

keep testis separated from blood to avoid autoimmune reaction

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11
Q

4 phases of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosomal phase
  4. Maturation phase
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12
Q

Golgi phase of spermiogenesis

A

Formation of acrosome vesicle from golgi apperatus

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13
Q

Cap phase of spermiogenesis

A

Growth and flattening of acrosomal cap from vesicle

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14
Q

What provides skeleton and attachment of tail in spermiogenesis?

A

Centriole

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15
Q

Acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis

A

completion of acrosome

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16
Q

Maturation phase of spermiogenesis

A

tail formation and mitochondrial helix formed

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17
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminferous tubules

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18
Q

What leads into epididymus?

A

efferent ducts

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19
Q

What does disulfide crosslinking mean?

A

Condensation of chromatin. Packing genetic material into smaller packages.

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20
Q

How does disulfide crosslinking progress through the epidiymis

A

low degree of disulfide crosslinking in head, moderate in body and high degree in tail

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21
Q

What two things occur in epididymis specifically?

A
  1. Disulfide crosslinking (condensation) of chromatin

2. Translocation of cytoplasmic droplet, droplet is oozing down the tail

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22
Q

What do Leydig cells produce? Leydig cells have receptors for what hormone?

A

produce testosterone due to LH

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23
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce? Do to what hormone?

A

produce Inhibin and activin due to FSH

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24
Q

What hormone is responsible for initiation of spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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25
What is the affect of inhibin?
Inhibin has negative feedback on FSH
26
Rat sperm
hook at end
27
Horse sperm vs. bull
horse is much smaller head
28
4 membranes of sperm cell head
1. plasma membrane 2. outer acrosomal membrane 3. inner acrosomal membrane 4. Nuclear membrane
29
Parts of a spermatazoa
Head -> Middle piece -> principal piece -> end piece
30
Define Axioneme
set of microtubules that run through entire sperm tail and anchor and proximal centriole
31
Axioneme arrangement in sperm tail
(9X2) on peripheral + 2 (in middle) | fibrotic sheath throughout entire principal piece
32
What structure goes along middle piece of sperm tail?
mitochondrial helix
33
What structure goes through the principal piece of sperm tail?
Fibrotic sheath
34
What is semen?
sperm + fluid
35
What are the 3 organs involved in formation of semen?
1. Testicle 2. Epidiymis 3. Accessory sex glands
36
What is the colliculus seminalis?
where semen and fluid from secondary sex organs combine. This is where deferent duct and vesicular gland fuse.
37
What are the accessory sex glands?
1. Ampulla 2. Vesicular gland 3. Bulbourethral gland 4. Prostate
38
What fuses at the ejactory duct?
Ductus deferens and vesicular gland
39
Receptors on the head of sperm blocked by what?
Seminal plasma to keep sperm from attaching prematurely
40
What are the two types of penis?
1. Fibroelastic and musculovascular
41
Define emission
release of sperm and accessory gland fluid into pelvic urethra
42
Ejaculation
forceful expulsion of fluids from urethra
43
Urethral process of ram
very apparent
44
Which species has large glans penis?
Stallion: dilates cervix
45
3 fractions of canine sperm
1. sperm poor 2. sperm rich 3. prostatic fraction
46
Ruminants fraction of semen
1. One jet of sperm rich fraction
47
Equids fraction of semen
1. 5-7 jets (3 sperm rich and the rest are gell fractions) | last jet are from vesicular glands
48
Swine fraction of semen
Gell -> sperm rich -> gell
49
What species deposit semen into the vagina?
Dog, cat, bull, ram and man
50
What species deposit semen into the cervix?
Boar
51
What species deposit semen into uterus?
camelids (from horn to horn), stallion, dog and boar
52
Name two ways sperm is lost in immediate transport following insemenation
1. retrograde loss | 2. phagocytosis of bad sperm
53
Cervix very complicated in what species?
Ruminant because of cervical rings
54
What is the purpose of the cervical privileged pathways?
Allow good sperm to pass through while removing non-motile sperm
55
Sialomucin and Sulfomucin of the privileged pathway
Sulomucin: thin, allows sperm through Sulfomucin: thick, doesn't allow sperm through
56
Oxytocin causes
uterine contractions
57
PGF2AA from where in male? Causes?
seminal plasma: causes uterine contractions
58
What happens to sperm head when exposed to the uterine environment?
Capacitation: seminal plasma that covered the receptors no longer protects
59
what causes post breeding endometritis?
Spermatazoa | casue influx of PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)
60
Role of PMNs brought in by spermatazoa?
sperm elimination via phagocytosis | release PGF for myometrial contractions
61
2 Roles of seminal plasma
decrease inflammation response | protects good sperm from PMN
62
Where does capacitation take place?
Uterus
63
What provides barrier of sperm to oviduct
uterotubal junction (oviductal papillae with sphincter)
64
Isthmus of oviduct acts as what for sperm?
reservoir for sperm | completion of capacitation
65
Where does fertilization actually take place?
Ampulla of oviduct

Reproduction (5 decks)

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