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WEEK 2 SEM 4 > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

In the testes

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2
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

In the epididymis where it is ready for ejaculation

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3
Q

From the epididymis, when sexually aroused, where does the sperm go?

A

up the vas deferens (there are 2 of these, one from each testicle and epididymis)

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4
Q

Do the vas deferens join?

A

the vas deferens meet by the bladder

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5
Q

What joins the urethra?

A

there is a gland called the seminal vesicle

a tube comes from there and joins the urethra

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6
Q

The tube from the seminal vesicle and urethra join. What is at this point?

A

prostate (gland)

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7
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

spongy tissue of the penis
fills with blood
causes erection bc of the bloods hydraulic pressure

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8
Q

What hormone does the testes make?

A

testosterone

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9
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

regulated spermatogenesis

helps in muscle and bone growth

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10
Q

Why does the testes lie in the scrotum outside of the body cavity?

A

attract women
temperature- sperm develops at 1.5-2.5 degrees less than body temp. If in the body, too high temp slows/damages sperm count

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11
Q

What is the normal testes volume?

A

15ml-25ml

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12
Q

How does an orchidometer work?

A

different beads correspond to different volume

palpate testes and see bead size

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13
Q

Each testes is filled with 100s of lobes. What are in each lobe?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

What doe seminiferous tubules do?

A

Site of spermatogenesis. They are about 600m long in each testis and are tightly coiled

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15
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Tubules lead to the rete testis

contents from here empty into epididymis where content is stored

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16
Q

What is between seminiferous tubules?

A

blood
lymphatic vessels
Leydig cells
Interstitial fluid

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17
Q

What do leydig cells secrete?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

In a seminiferous tubule, you have spermatogonia. What is this?

A

precursor to sperm

diploid

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19
Q

How do spermatogonia replicate?

A

some Mitosis- replenish themselves

some Meiosis- so become 4 sperms- then moves along lumen and is sandwiched between sertoli cells

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20
Q

What is the equivalent of sertoli cells in females?

A

Granulosa cells

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21
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

tall columnar endothelial cells

make up seminiferous tubule wall

22
Q

What is a function of sertoli cells?

A

tight junctions

acts as a blood testis barrier

23
Q

What do the tight junctions of the sertoli cells form?

A

Tight junctions of sertoli cells make adluminal comparmtent and luminal compartment

24
Q

What is the functions of the adluminal compartment?

A
  • secretions from sertoli cells

- protect pathogens from immune attack and pathogens

25
What is the function of the luminal compartment?
When the sperm is made, it moves to the luminal compartment, moves to rete testis and into epididymis
26
What is a spermatocyte?
spermatogonia (diploid) replicate to form a primate spermatocyte)
27
What is a secondary spermatocyte?
when the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis
28
How is spermatozoa formed?
``` spermatogonia (diploid) replicates to form primary spermatocyte meiosis I= forms secondary spermatocyte meiosis II= forms 4 haploid spermatids differentiation= spermatozoa is formed ```
29
How long does the spermatogenesis process take?
74 days
30
What are the 3 process spermatogenesis is split into?
1. mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia 2. meiosis and development of spermatocytes 3. spermiogenesis
31
What are the different types of spermatogonia?
A dark= UNDERGO MITOSIS A pale= UNDERGO MITOSIS B (depending on how they stain)= UNDERGO MEIOSIS
32
What happens in spermiogenesis?
``` morphological changes in the structure of the cells: cell elongation= tail grows cytoplasm loss cellular contents move nucleus condenses ```
33
What acts on Leydig cells?
LH
34
How do leydig cells produce testosterone?
convert cholestrol into testosterone
35
What is the relation between testosterone and sertoli cells?
testosterone binds to sertoli cells | this controls spermatogenesis
36
How is FSH related to sertoli cells?
FSH binds to sertoli cells | without FSH, sertoli cells die
37
What happens with anabolic steroid abuse?
interferes with the negative feedback system so less LH and FSH causes testicular regression (atrophy) Sertoli cell population will decrease and thus decrease spermatogenesis
38
What happens during erection?
``` corpus cavernosum heavily supplied by arteries erection- arteries dilate lots of blood flow to penis venous return out of penis constricts inflated engorged organ ```
39
What control is erection under?
erection= AUTONOMOUS PARASYMPATHETIC
40
What control is ejection under?
somatic (perineal branch of the pudendal nerve from nerve roots S2 to S4)
41
How many sperms are released in an average ejaculate?
120million
42
What is the initial portion of ejaculate most rich in?
sperm
43
What is ejaculated?
semen (seminal fluid)- has secretions from many glands: bulbourethral prostate seminal veiscle
44
What does the bulbourethral secrete?
BEFORE EJACULATION (WHEN SEXUALLY AROUSED) clear viscous high in salt secretion lubricates urethra neutralizes low pH in urethra
45
What does the seminal vesicle secrete?
DURING EJACULATOIN smooth muscle contractions of the seminal veiscle occur as the sperm pass by FORM 50-70% OF EJACULATE to make ejaculate fluid so sperm can swim contain protein, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and prostaglandins seminal vesicle secretion is high in pH thus helps neutralize pH of the vagina and urethra
46
What does the prostate secrete?
``` make up 30% ejaculate milky white colour proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid, phosphatase, and prostate specific antigen liquefaction high zinc concentration ```
47
What is liquefaction?
liquefaction is the process by which the jelly like sperm becomes more liquid within 30 mins of ejaculation-
48
What does the head of the sperm contain?
nucleus acrosome= enzymes bag- release when egg touches sperm digests zona pelucida
49
What does the tail of the sperm do?
mitochondria | axoneme-this is a series of fibres which run the whole length of the tail- run movement of tail
50
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
The ejaculatory duct is where the vas deferens combines with the seminal vesicle outflow.
51
Where are the leydig cells located?
Just outside the smooth muscle surrounding the seminiferous tubules

WEEK 2 SEM 4 (6 decks)

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