Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy for MRCS > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology of vertebrae?

A

Come from cells called sclerotomes

Orginate from the two cranial somites below, and the two caudal somites above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Typical vertebral body structure?

A

Vertebral body = weight bearing, linked by disc and ligaments

Vertebral arch = two pedicles and two lamina

Spinous process

Transverse process = arises from junction between pedicle and lamina.
- From this same region you have inferior and superior articular processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cervical vertebrae characteristics?

A

Small bodied
Bifid spinous process
Transverse process contains foramen transversium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atlas anatomy?

A

C1:
No vertebral body, the dens of C2 pokes up and acts as this
No intervertebral disc
On the posterior aspect of the anterior arch it has a facet for the articulation of the dens
2 superior facets on the dens for occipital condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What holds the dens in place and what attaches to its two superior facets?

A

Held by strong transverse ligament of atlas

Its two superior facets are attachment of strong alar ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spinal nerve roots exit above or below their vertebra?

A

C1 between base of skull and C1
C2-7 = superior to pedicles
C8 merges above T1
T1 to coccyx emerge below pedicles of own vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs?

A

Via synovial joint between transverse process and vertebral bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two layers of intervertebral disc?

Whats separates the disc from the spinal cord?

A

Outer annulus fibrosus = Fibrocartilage layers
Inner nuclear pulposus = Loose fibres in mucoprotein jelly = shock absorber

Posterior longitudinal ligament separates discs from spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When a disc herniates what is actually herniating?

A

Inner nucleus pulposus protrudes posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

L3 vs L5 vs S1 disc herniation symptoms?

A 
L3:
Sensory - anterior knee/thigh
Weak quadriceps
Reduced patellar reflex
Positive femoral stretch test
L5:
Sensory to dorsal of foot
Weekend foot/toe dorsiflexion 
Positive sciatic stretch test
REFLEXES INTACT
S1:
Sensory to posterolateral leg/foot
Weakened plantar flexion 
Reduced ankle reflex
Positive sciatic stretch test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the 4 ligaments of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior/posterior spinal ligaments

  • anterior is attached to the base of skull and extends to anterior sacrum
  • Upper posterior connects C2 to intracranial aspect of base of skull = tectorial membrane

Ligamentum flava = between lamina of adjacent vertebra
- Resists separation in flexion and assists extension

Supraspinous ligaments = connects vertebral spinous processes of C7 to sacrum

  • above C7 = ligaments nuchae
  • this attaches to base of skull (foramen magnum to occipital protuberance), apex to tip of C7 and deep side to spinous processes
  • Action = support head

Interpsinous ligaments = blend posteriorly with supraspinous ligament
Blends anteriorly with ligaments flava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Layers pierced in a LP?

A 
Ski and fascia
Supraspinous
Interpsious
Ligamentum flava = first give
Epidural space 
Second give = going through dura mater 
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does CSF live?

Approximate volume?

A

Subarachnoid space

150ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circulation route of CSF?

A

Lateral ventricles (Foramen of Munro)
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aquaduct (Aqueduct of sylvius)
4th ventricle (via foramen of Megendie and Luschka)
SA space
Reabsorbed in arachnoid granulations to superior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is filum terminale and its role?

A

Continuation of Pia mater, extending downwards from conus medularis
Anchors cord to first coccygeal vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is denticulate ligament?

A

Continuation of Pia mater, which has intermittent lateral projections attaching the spinal cord to the dura mater

17
Q

What type of fibres are generally in the dorsal and ventral horns?

A 
Dorsal = afferents associated with nociceptive
Ventral = efferents innervating Skeletal muscle
18
Q

What is brown sequard syndrome?

A

Hemisection of spinal cord causing:

  1. Ipsilateral UMN signs and loss of proprioception. = due to loss of corticospinal tract on same side. Corticospinal decussates at the top in medulla.
  2. Contralateral loss of pain and sensation = due to spinothalamic tract decussating after lower down
19
Q

Where does cervical sympathetic chain lie?

A

Posterior to carotid sheath

20
Q

Spinal nerve anatomy?

A

Made up of posterior and anterior roots
Anterior roots = motor efferents
Posterior root = sensory afferents (originate from neural crest)

These then join to form spinal nerve

Spinal nerve then has small posterior ramus and large anterior ramus

21
Q

Spinal nerve - function of anterior vs posterior ramus

A

Anterior = large
- Skeletal muscle = limbs and trunk, skin and major plexi

Posterior = small
- INTRINSIC muscles of back and strip of skin on the back

Near point of division into the two rami = 2-4 small meningeal nerves
- These re-enter intervertebral foramina and innervate dura, ligaments, discs ad blood vessels

22
Q

Arterial supply of spinal cord?

A

2 sources

  1. Longitudinal arteries = one anterior and 2 posterior spinal arteries
    - posterior formed normally from PICA, In 25% from vertebral.
    - Anterior comes from vertebral arteries.
  2. Feeder arteries enter via intervertebral foramina
23
Q

Where do feeder arteries of spinal cord originate from?

What do they give rise to once in the spinal cord?

A

Originate from:

  1. vertebral / deep cervicals in neck
  2. Posterior intercostals in thorax
  3. Lumbar arteries in abdomen

Once entering the spinal cord, feeders become radicular arteries

24
Q

Venous drainage of spinal cord?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal veins

these feed into the vertebral plexus = lives in the extradural fat

25
Q

Dividing the muscles of the back into groups?

A

Superficial, intermediate and deep

Superficial and intermediate = extrinsic as embryological origin is outside of back

  • superficial = upper limb movement
  • Intermediate = assist respiratory function

Deep = intrinsic as formed in back embryologically

26
Q

Superficial muscles of the back? function, origin, insertion and innervation

A

Trapezius = Rotates scapula in humerus abduction:
Upper fibres elevate
Middle adduct
Lower depress
Origin = Occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line + spinous processes C7-T12
Insertion = Lateral clavicle, acromiun and spine of scapula
Accessory nerve

Latissimus dorsi = Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
Origin = Spinous process T7 - L5
Insertion = floor of inter tubercular sulcus
Thoracodorsal

Levator scapula = elevates scapula
Origin = Transverse process of C1 to C4
Insertion = upper medial scapula
Dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid minor = elevates and retracts scapula
Origin = Lower end of ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 to T1
Insertion = Medial scapula, at origin of root of spine
Dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid major = elevates and retracts scapula
Origin = Spinous process of T2-T5 + associated supraspinous ligaments
Insertion = Medial scapula from origin of root of spine to inferior scapula
Dorsal scapular nerve

27
Q

Intermediate muscle of the back? function, origin, insertion and innervation

A

Serratus posterior superior = elevates ribs 2-5
origin = lower ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 - T3
Insertion = ribs 2-5
Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves 2-5

Serratus posterior inferior = depresses ribs 9-12
Origin - spinous processes T11 - L3
Insertion = ribs 9-12
Anterior rami of thoracic nerves 9-12

28
Q

What are the muscles in the deep group of the back and their function

A

Spinotransversales group = Splenius captious and cervicales
These extend and rotate head and neck

Erector spinae and transversospinales = extend and rotate vertebral column

29
Q

What divides the spinal cord incompletely in half?

A

Dorsal median sulcus and ventral median fissure

30
Q

Which muscles are In spinotransversales group? Role, original’s, insertion and innervation?

A

Splenius capitus:
Together draw head back, individually rotate head.
Origin = Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 to T4
Insertion = Mastoid process of skull
Innervation = posterior rami cervical nerves

Splenius cervices:
Together draw head back, individually rotate head.
Origin = Spinous process T3 - T6
Insertion = Transverse process of C1 to C3
Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves

31
Q

Erector spine muscles - Role, origin, insertion and innervation?

A

Extensors of vertebral column
Origin = Works way up from sacrum to ribs and spinous processes up to ligament nuchae
Insertion = Lower ribs, transverse processes ad on spinous process C2.

32
Q

Transversospinales muscles - Relation to erector muscles?

Role, origin, insertion and innervation?

A

Deep to erector muscles
Contract together = vertebral column extension
Unilateral = rotate spinous processes

Run obliquely up from transverse process to spinous process

Anatomy for MRCS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions