Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
(418 cards)
1
Q
Osteology is…
A
*The study of bones/skeleton
2
Q
Axial skeleton =
A
- Vertebral column
- Skull
- Ribs & Sternum
- Sometimes hyoid
3
Q
In adult humans, the vertebral column consists of __(#)__ elements (formed from 32-34 segments).
A
*26
4
Q
What are the 26 elements of the vertebral column? (3)
A
- 24 individual vertebrae (seperated by intervertebral discs (IVD)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
5
Q
Total length of vertebral column (including the intervertebral discs) is about ___” in males and about __” in females:
A
- 28” Males
* 25” Females
6
Q
Approximately how much of the length of the vertebral column is due to the discs?
A
*About 1/4th or 7”
7
Q
3 other bones (or groups of bones) that are closely integrated functionally with the vertebral column…
A
- Occipital and temporal bones of the skull
- 12 rib pairs + sternum anteriorly
- Os Coxae (hip bone)
8
Q
8 functions of the vertebral column:
A
1) flexible central column: permits movement
2) Supports: upper extremities, esp. Head and viscera
3) Suspends: upper extremities
4) Protects: spinal cord, viscera
5) Body shape: Upright
6) Transfers weight: of head, upper extremities + viscera through the pelvis to lower extremities
7) Stabilizes: body
8) Absorbs forces: placed on the body
9
Q
5 regions of the vertebral column:
A
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacrum
5) Coccyx
10
Q
Cervix refers to the…
A
*Neck
11
Q
of cervical vertebrae
A
*7
12
Q
C1 =
A
Atlas
13
Q
C2 =
A
Axis
14
Q
C1 & C2 function as…
A
*Specialized support for the head and permits movement.
15
Q
Thorax =
A
*Chest, breastplate
16
Q
Old name for Thorax:
A
*Dorsal vertebrae
17
Q
of thoracic vertebrae…
A
12
18
Q
Thoracic vertebrae articulate with…
A
*12 pairs of ribs
19
Q
Lumbar =
A
*Loin (lower back)
20
Q
of lumbar vertebrae…
A
*5
21
Q
Lumbar vertebrae are specialized for…
A
*Weight support
22
Q
Which region of the vertebral column has the largest vertebrae?
A
*Lumbar
23
Q
Sacrum =
A
- “Sacred”
24
Q
The sacrum consists of…
A
*5 fused vertebrae
25
Shape of the sacrum...
*Wedge shaped
26
Sacrum lies between...
*Os coxae
27
Function of the sacrum...
*Transfers weight of trunk to pelvic girdle & lower extremities.
28
Coccyx =
* cuckoo (resembles the beak?)
29
The coccyx is often a single element formed from...
* 3-5 more or less fused elements
30
Coccyx is a _______ structure:
*Vestigial: poorly developed remnant of tail
31
Lordotic curves concavity faces/directed...
*Posteriorly
32
Lordotic curves convexity faces...
*Anterior
33
Kyphotic curves concavity faces/directed...
*Anteriorly
34
Kyphotic curves convexity faces...
*Posterior
35
Definition of primary curves (2)...
* Present at birth
| * Retain general characteristics throughout life
36
2 primary curves...
* Thoracic
| * Sacral
37
Both primary curves are...
*Kyphotic
38
Definition of secondary curves...
*Develop after birth
39
Secondary curves become _____ due to muscular activity.
*Lordotic
40
2 secondary curves...
* Cervical
| * Lumbar
41
Which secondary curve is the 1st to appear?
*Cervical
42
What causes the cervical curves to appear?
*Due to lifting head
43
What causes the lumbar curves to appear? (3)
*Due to sitting, crawling and walking
44
When does the lumbar curve fully develop?
*Not fully developed until mid-childhood
45
Secondary curves are compensatory to...
*human's upright, bipedal posture.
46
Scoliotic curves are...
*Lateral curves (extend in the coronal plane)
47
Scoliotic curves are compensatory to asymetries in... (examples).
* Leg length
* Sacral Development
* Os Coxae Development
* Muscle tone... etc.
48
Scoliotic curves are named according to...
*The side of convexity.
49
3 functions of curves:
* Compensate for upright posture
* Absorb forces placed on spine
* Compensate for asymmetrical structure and function (see scoliotic)
50
4 abnormal curves (in clinical courses):
* Kyphosis
* Lordosis
* Scoliosis
* Straight or military spine
51
"osis" =
*Disease of, condition of...
52
Kyphosis =
*Excessive kyphotic curve
53
Lordosis =
*Excessive Lordotic curve
54
Scoliosis =
*Excessive scoliatic curve
55
Straight or military spine =
*Little or no curveture
56
Features of a "typical" vertebra (6)
1) Body
2) Vertebral Arch
3) Pars Interarticularis
4) Vertebral Foramen
5) Vertebral Notches
6) Intervertebral Foramen
57
Vertebral body =
*Anterior part of a vertebra
58
What is the largest part of a vertebra?
*Body
59
Function of the vertebral body...
*Major central pillar - supports most of the weight of segments above.
60
Physical description of the vertebral arch of the typical vertebra...
* Horseshoe shaped
| * neural arch -> posterior part
61
The typical vertebral arch has 2 _____ & 2 ______.
* Pedicles
| * Laminae
62
Description of 2 pedicles in a typical vertebral arch:
* Left and Right
| * Short and Stout
63
What are the 2 pedicles in a typical vertebral arch attached to?
*The Vertebral Body
64
Description of 2 laminae in a typical vertebral arch:
* Left and Right
| * Broad and Flat
65
Where are the 2 laminae located on a typical vertebral arch?
*Posterior part of the vertebral arch
66
A The typical vertebral arch has _#_ processes.
*7
67
Name the 7 processes of a typical vertebral arch:
1- Spinous Process (S.P.)
2- (L & R) Transverse Processes (T.P.)
2- (L & R) Superior Articular Processes (S.A.P)
2- (L & R) Inferior Articular Processes (I.A.P)
68
Definition of articular processes...
*Zygapophyses of a vertebra
69
The unpaired spinous process of a typical vertebral arch projects...
*Posteriorly
70
Articular processes have articular surfaces called...
*Articular Facets
71
Superior articular processes articulate with Inferior articular processes to form...
*Zygapophyseal joints
72
Description of the pars interarticularis of the typical vertebra...
*The bone that "connects" and IAP &SAP on one side of a vertebra.
73
The vertebral foramen of a typical vertebra = ______ or _______ foramen.
* Spinal
| * Neural
74
Description of the vertebral foramen of the typical vertebra.
*Opening between the vertebral body and vertebral arch.
75
The vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the ...
*Vertebral canal
76
Description of Vertibral notches on the typical vertebra.
*Notches or grooves on pedicle.
77
2 types of vertebral notches on the typical vertebra:
*Superior & Anterior
78
Intervertebral foramen (EVF) of the typical vertebra are formed by ...
*Adjacent vertebral "notches"
79
Intervertebral Foramen of the typical vertebra are...
*Openings between adjacent Vertebral segments, formed by Inferior and Superior Vertebral notches or adjacent segments.
80
How many vertebral elements, including the sacrum as one and the coccyx as one, comprise the vertebral column?
*26
81
An excessively posterior convexity of the spine is called...
*Kyphosis
82
What is the outline shape of the vertebral foramen in a typical cervical vertebra?
*Triangular
83
The typical lumbar vertebral body is _____ shaped...
*Kidney
84
What region of the spine has an oblique orientation of the I.V.F.'s?
*Cervical
85
In what region of the spine is there a pars interarticularis?
*Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
86
A joint that includes an articular capsule and is freely moveable is classified as a:
*Diarthroses
87
What ligament attaches to a tubercle on the medial surface of the occipital condyle?
*Alar
88
The first and second cervical spine nerves differ from the other spinal nerves because they exit the vertebral canal:
*Posterior to the articular processes
89
What ligament is an extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
*Tectorial Membrane
90
Which rib is a true rib? R1, R8, R10 or R11?
*R1
91
The most inferior part of the sternum is called the...
*xiphoid
92
The tubercle of the sixth rib articulates with the transverse process of the ______ vertebra.
*T6
93
True or false: Th uncinate process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
94
True/False: The mamillary process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
95
True/False: The mastoid process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
96
True/False: The Jugular process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*True
97
True/False: The typical CERVICAL vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*False
98
True/False: Typical THORACIC vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*True
99
True/False: Typical LUMBAR vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*False
100
Occiput: Shape when viewed from below...
*Wedge shaped
101
Central structure of the occiput...
*Foramen Magnum
102
The foramen magnum of the occiput is the central structure that contains ... (3)
* Spinal Cord
* Meninges
* Vertebral Arteries
103
The foramen magnum of the occiput is continuous inferiorly with the...
*Vertebral canal
104
What transitions to form the spinal cord?
*Brainstem
105
Meninges of the foramen magnum of the occiput are made up of...
*Dura mater anchored to margin of foramen
106
3 parts of the Occiput, based on the relationship with the foramen magnum:
* Basilar part
* Condylar Part
* Squamous part
107
Where is the basilar part of the Occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Anterior to the foramen magnum
108
Where is the condylar part of the occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Lateral to the foramen magnum
109
Where is the squamous part of the occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Posterior to the foramen magnum
110
The occipital condyle and the jugular processes are in which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (basilar, condylar, or squamous)
*Condylar
111
Occiptal condyles articulate with...
*C1
112
Where are the occipital condyles of the occiput in relation to the foramen magnum?
*Lateral to the foramen magnum
113
Which "tubercle" is located on the medial edge of the occipital condyle?
*Alar tubercle
114
Nuchal lines are located on which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (Basilar, condylar, or squamous)
*Squamous
115
What attaches to the superior nuchal lines of the occiput? (3)
* Trapezius
* SCM
* Splenius capitis
116
What attaches to the inferior nuchal lines of the occiput? (3)
* Rectus capitis posterior major
* Rectus capitis posterior minor
* Obliquus Sup.
117
What attaches to the median nuchal line of the occiput? (1)
*Nuchal ligament (part of)
118
The external occipital protuberance is located on which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (Basilar, condylar or squamous)
*Squamous
119
The external occipital protuberance is the attachment location of what structure?
*Nuchal ligament (part of)
120
Where is the jugular process in relation to the occipital condyle?
*Lateral to occipital condyle
121
The jugular process(es) of the occiput forms a border of...
*Jugular foramen
122
The paramastoid process(es) are located on which other feature of the occiput?
*Is on/a part of jugular process(es)
123
What are the 2 functional groups (segments) of the cervical vertebrae?
* Suboccipital
| * Inferior
124
The suboccipital segment of the cervical vertebrae consist of which vertebrae?
*C1 & C2
125
The suboccipital segment of the cervical vertebrae allows __#__ types of movements?
*3
126
What 3 types of movements are allowed by the suboccipital segment?
* Rotation
* Flexion/extension
* Lateral Flexion (some)
127
Where is the most rotation of the suboccipital segment allowed?
*Between C1 and C2
128
Where is the most flexion/extension of the Suboccipital segment allowed?
*Between C0 and C1
129
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae is made up of which vertebrae?
*C3-C7
130
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae allows which 2 types of movement?
* Flexion/extension
| * Lateral Flexion - coupled w/rotation
131
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae is made up of typical vertebrae except which one?
*C7
132
Which are the typical vertebrae of the cervical verterbrae
*C3 - C6
133
10 aspects of the typical cervical vertebraes C3-C6:
1) Body
2) Joint of Luschka
3) Vertebral Foramen
4) Short Bifid Spinous Processes
5) Articular Pillar
6) Articular surface of the SAP (Superior articular facets)
7) Articular facet of the IAP
8) Transverse Process
9) Transverse Foramen of the TP
10) Intervertebral Foramen (IVP)
134
Physical description of the typical cervical vertebral BODY:
* Small, flattened body
| * Oval in outline shape
135
Physical description of the Joint of Luschka located on the typical cervical vertebra?
*Saddle like
136
Which processes are located on the Joint of Luschka of the typical cervical vertebra?
*Uncinate processes
137
The Uncinate processes are unique to which vertebral section? (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
*Cervical
138
The uncinate processes are located of which surface of the typical cervical vertebral body?
*Superior-Lateral
139
The joint of Luschka in the typical cervical vertebra "guides" movement in ... ?
*Flexion - Extension
140
Physical description of the typical cervical vertebral foramen...
*Large & Triangular
141
The short bifid spinous processes are a unique characteristic of which section of spine? (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
*Cervical
142
The articular pillar of the typical cervical vertebra consists of which 3 aspects arranged in a vertical line?
*SAP, IAP & pars interarticularis
143
The articular surface of a SAP of the typical cervical vertebra is also called a superior articular ______.
*Facet(s)
144
Physical description and shape of the typical cervical vertebral articular surface of a SAP...
*Large, flat and oval
145
The Articular surface of a SAP of the typical cervical vertebra faces superior, posterior and slightly....
*Medial
146
Physical description and shape of the typical cervical vertebral articular facet of the IAP.
*Large, flat and oval
147
The articular facet of the IAP of a typical cervical vertebra faces inferior, anterior, and slightly ...
*Lateral
148
The SAP's and IAP's of adjacent typical cervical vertebrae for the _________ joint...
*Zygapophyseal
149
The facet planes of the SAP's and IAP's of adjacent typical cervical vertebrae are ________ between horizontal and coronal planes.
*Oblique
150
Where is the groove/gutter for a spinal nerve located on the transverse process of a typical cervical vertebra?
*On the superior surface of TP, between the anterior and Posterior tubercles.
151
The transverse process of the typical cervical vertebra is the attachment site for which muscles?
*Deep neck muscles
152
Physical description of the transverse process on a typical cervical vertebra...
*Short and Bifid
153
The anterior tubercle of the transverse process located on the typical cervical vertebra is also known as the ______ tubercle.
*Costal
154
The transverse foramen of the transverse process is the key characteristic of all of which cervicals?
*Key characteristic of ALL cervicals C1-C7
155
C1 - C6 transmit which artery and vein?
*Vertebral
156
The C7 transmits on the the vertebral _____ not the vertebral _______.
* Vein
| * Artery
157
The intervertebral foramen (IVF) of a typical cervical vertebra has _________ and ________ (directional) notches that are approximately equal in size.
*Superior and Inferior
158
The intervertebral disc, adjacent vertebral bodies, joint of Luchska, adjacent pedicle and the zygapophyseal joints of the typical cervical vertebrae all border which physical aspect of said vertebra?
*The intervertebral Foramen (IVF)
159
The IVF of a typical cervical vertebra is directed obliquely in which 3 directions?
*Lateral, inferior and anterior
160
Most cervical spinal nerve emerges between the _________ (joint) and the __________ (artery).
* The zygapophyseal joint
| * The vertebral artery
161
Since there is no IVF between the occiput and C1, or between C1 and C2: The C1 & C2 spinal nerves exit through an _______ ________ instead.
*Intervertebral sulcus
162
The typical lumbar vertebrae consist of which vertebrae?
*L1 - L4
163
The typical lumbar vertebrae are the largest of moveable segments and designed for....
*Support
164
The typical lumbar vertebrae has a large, _______ shaped body.
*Kidney
165
The vertebral foramen of the typical lumbar vertebrae is larger than the _________ but smaller than the _________. (Sections of the spine)
* Larger than thoracic
| * Smaller than cervical
166
The vertebral foramen of the typical lumbar vertebra is ________ shaped.
*Triangular
167
9 aspects of the typical Lumbar vertebrae
1) Body
2) Vertebral Foramen
3) Spinous Process
4) Facets of the Articular Processes
5) Mamillary Process
6) Accessory Mamillary process
7) Transverse Process
8) Intervertebral Foramen
9) Lateral Recess
168
Physical description of the typical lumbar vertebral spinous process...
*Stout & rectangular (club-like)
169
Spina bifida is a disorder where the vertebral arch is incomplete at the mid-line (2 part arch) and is commonly located on which part of the typical lumbar vertebra?
*Spinous process
170
Facets of the articular processes of the typical lumbar vertebra assume a more ________ orientation.
*Sagittal
171
The superior facets of the typical lumbar vertebra faces medial and slightly _____
*Posterior
172
The inferior facets of the the typical lumbar spine face lateral and slightly ______.
*Anterior
173
The facets of the articular processes have more sagittal orientation in upper lumbar & more _______ in lower lumbar.
*Coronal
174
The mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebra is the posteriosuperior surface of the ______ ________ _______.
*Superior articular process
175
The mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebrae is a true ____ ________ element.
*Transverse process
176
The accessory mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebra is located at the base of the .....
*Transverse process
177
Physical description of the typical lumbar vertebral transverse process...
* Long and slender (and nearly horizontal)
178
The transverse process of the typical lumbar vertebra is actually a ______ element.
*Costal
179
Intervertebral foramen of the typical ____(spinal section)_____ vertebra is the largest opening of IVF in the spine.
*Lumbar
180
The IVF of the typical lumbar vertebra faces ______.
*Lateral
181
The lateral recess of the typical lumbar vertebra the part of vertebral canal that is immediately ___(direction)___ to a pedicle.
*Inferior
182
The lateral recess of the typical lumbar vertebra is occupied by....
*Spinal Nerve
183
The only atypical lumbar...
*L5
184
The Inferior articular facet faces ____ and ____.
*Anterior and Lateral
185
The physical description of the body of the L5 is the _____est and _____est of all lumbars.
*Shortest and Widest
186
The L5 has a __(size)__ spinous process.
*Small
187
Spondyloschisis is ...
*Spina Bifida
188
The most common site for spina bifida is on which vertebra?
*L5
189
Spondylolysis =
* Collar of Scotty dog
| * Separation of pars interarticularis
189
Lysthesis =
*To slip or move
189
Spondylolysthesis =
*Displacement of a vertebra from normal position.
190
Lumbarization =
*S1 not completely fused to sacrum (Partial or complete)
190
Sacralization =
*L5 or Cx1 partially or completely fused to sacrum.
191
Tropism =
*Asymmetry of facet planes with/in a segment.
192
The sacrum is liked with the pelvic girdle via the _____-_____ joint.
*Sacro-iliac
193
The sacrum forms the roof of the ______ cavity.
*Pelvic
194
The ala(wing) is positioned __(direction)__ to the S1 body.
*Laterally
195
Anterior surface consists of what 3 aspects?
* Ala (wing)
* Body of S1
* Sacral Promontory
196
The sacral promontory is a landmark located along the _____ - _____ edge of S1 body.
*Anterior-Superior
196
The sacral canal is the sacral part of the _______ _____.
*Vertebral canal
196
Transverse lines are on the __(direction)__ surface of the sacrum.
*Anterior
197
There are _#_ transverse lines
*4
197
There are _#_ pairs of dorsal sacral foramina...
*4
198
There are _#_ pairs of ventral sacral foramina...
*4
199
The dorsal sacral foramina contains the ____ ____ of S1-S4 nerves...
*Dorsal Rami
200
The ventral sacral foramina contains the ______ _____ of the S1 - S4 nerves.
*Ventral Rami
200
The posterior surface of the sacrum contains what 4 aspects?
* Median sacral crest
* Intermediate sacral crest
* Lateral sacral Crest
* Pars Lateralis
200
The median sacral crest is the fused _______ _________.
*Spinous Process
200
The intermediate sacral crest is located _(Direction)_ to the dorsal foramina.
*Medial
201
The fused Articular processes of the sacrum form the ______ sacral crest.
*Intermediate
201
The fused Transverse Processes of the sacrum for the ______ sacral crest.
*Lateral
201
The Lateral crest is located _(Direction)_ to the dorsal foramina.
*Lateral
202
The fused costal elements of the sacrum form the ___ _________.
*Pars Lateralis
202
*The Pars lateralis of the sacrum is located _(Direction)_ to the the lateral sacral crest.
*Lateral
203
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis is associated with which segments of the sacrum?
*S1 - S3
204
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis of the sacrum is oriented _(Direction)_ and slightly posterior.
*Laterally
205
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis of the sacrum is lined by _________ ___________.
*Hyaline cartilage
206
*Fibrocartilage lines the articular surface of the _____.
*Ilium
207
The sacral tuberosity is part of the pars lateralis and located between the ____ surface and the ______ sacral crest.
* Auricular
| * Lateral
208
The female sacrum is _____ and more _______ than the male.
*Wider and More Angulated
209
The cornua of the coccyx is a remnant of _(direction)_ articular process.
*Superior
210
What are the 3 atypical cervicals?
*C1, C2 & C7
211
The C1, has no spinous process but a _____ ______ instead.
*Posterior tubercle
212
True/False: The atlas has no body, pedicle, lamina or Spinous process.
True
213
The C1 is the _____est vertebra in the neck.
*Widest
214
The articular facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1 is called...
*Fovea Dentalis
215
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of C1?
*Rectus capitus posterior minor.
215
Superior articular facets of C1 are very large, elongated and (Convex/concave)?
*Concave
216
C2 is the axis or __________ which means "the pivot".
*Epistopheus
216
The anterior facet of the dens articulates with the ______ ________ of C1.
*Fovea dentalis
217
The posterior facet of the dens articulates with the _______ ________ of the cruciform ligament.
*Transverse ligament.
217
The axis is the ____est and ____est cervical vertebra.
*Strongest & Thickest
218
The ____ has/is the most deeply bifid spinous process of the spine.
*Axis
219
While the axis has no uncinate processes, the ____ __ _______ is present between C2 & C3.
*Joint of Luschka
219
The axis has no uncinate processes, however that joint of luschka is present between C2 & C3, thus _______ ______ are present on the axis.
*Semilunar facets
219
Physical description of C7's spinous process.
*Long and sloping, NOT BIFID.
| one large tubercle
219
C7 (or sometimes T1) is the 1st most easily palpated spinous process and is also called the ________ ________...
*Vertebra prominens
220
The joints of luschka is located between __ and C7.
*C6 (not C7 & T1)
221
C7 ha uncinate process but no __________ facets.
*Semilunar
221
The inferior articular facet of C7, like the thoracic in orientation, faces more _(Direction)_ and is on the _______ plane.
* Anteriorly
| * Coronal plane
221
C7 has a _______ or absent anterior tubercle.
*Vestigial
221
The abnormal condition where C1 is partially or completely fused to C0. (born with)
*Occipitalization
222
The abnormal condition where there is a narrow "bridge" of column of bone connecting C1 to C0. (acquired)
*Atlanto-occipial "ponticulum"
222
The carotid tubercle refers to the _______ tubercle of the Transverse process of C6.
*Anterior
222
Which are the typical thoracic vertebrae?
*T2-T9
223
The Superior and inferior costovertebral _____ ________ (paired) of the typical thoracic vertebrae articulates with heads of ribs to form the ____________ joint.
* Demi facets
| * Costovertebral
223
Physical description of the typical thoracic vertebral foramen... (size and shape)
*Small & circular
224
The superior processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae extend from the _______.
*Pedicle
225
*The Inferior processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae extend from the _______.
*Lamina
225
The typical thoracic vertebra has no distinct ________ pillar.
*articular
226
The typical thoracic vertebrae has a superior facet in a ________ plane, and faces _(direction)_.
* Coronal plane
| * Posterior
227
The inferior facet of the typical thoracic vertebrae faces _(direction)_ in a coronal plane.
*Anterior
227
The transverse process of the typical thoracic vertebrae is relatively large, slopes _(Direction)_, and has a bulbous end.
*Posteriorly
228
The articular facet of the typical thoracic transverse process is called the ____________ facet and articulates with the tubercle of a rib (____________ joint). (Hint: Same word)
*Costotransverse (Facet & Joint)
228
The intervertebral foramen of the typical thoracic vertebrae is oriented _(direction)_...
*Laterally (horizontally)
229
The inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above are much _____er than the superior vertebral notch of vertebra below. (Typical Thoracic)
*Much Larger
229
Which are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
*T1, T10-T12
229
T1 has a full Costovertebral (pair) articular facet for the head of the ___ rib.
*1st
230
T1 has inferior costovertebral demifactes for ___ rib.
*2nd
230
The body of T1 resembles _____ vertebra.
*Cervical (more oval)
230
T1 contributes to, or is, the vertebra ________.
*Prominens
231
T10 has _______________ demifacet for 10th rib head but has no ________________ facet for the 11th rib.
*Costovertebral
232
Size of the T11 body.
*Large & lumbar like
233
Complete ______ _____ for 11th rib heads.
*Costovertebral facets
234
T11 has no costotransverse facets on ________ _______ for rib 11.
*Transverse Process
235
The spinous process for T11 is ... (height, width & shape.)
*Short, thick and rectangular (like lumbar)
236
T12 is like the T11 except the inferior articular facet faces _(Direction)_ like lumbar.
*Laterally
236
The transverse processes of T12 have 3 elevations:
1) Mamillary Tubercle (lumbar characteristic)
2) Acessory Mamillary Tubercle (L characteristic)
3) Lateral Tubercle - vestigial TP
237
The sternum is formed from _#_ sternebrae/segments.
*6
238
The manubrium of the sternum has a jugular or __________ notch on the _(direction)_ border.
* Suprasternal
| * Superior
239
The manubrium of the sternum articulates with _____, First costal cartilages, and ______ ______.
* Clavicle
* 1st costal cartilages
* Corpus sterni (aka body)
240
The body of the sternum is composed of _#_ fused sternubrae.
*4
241
The body of the sternum articulates with the __ through ___ costal cartilages (sternocostal joints), the _____, and _______ process.
* 2nd - 7th costal cartilages
* Manubrium
* Xiphoid Process
242
The body of the sternum contains the __________ joint.
*Xiphisternal Joint
243
The xiphoid process is the ____ sternebra.
*6th
244
The xiphoid process frequently articulates with the lower part of the ___ costal cartilage.
*7th
245
What is the definition of a true rib?
*Directly connects to sternum via its own costal cartilage.
246
What is the definition of a false rib?
*Does not directly connect to the sternum via its own costal cartilage.
246
What is the definition of a floating rib?
*Does not connect to the sternum at all
246
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
*R1-R7
247
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
*R8 - R12
248
Which ribs are considered floating ribs?
*R11&R12
248
4 aspects of a typical rib. (R2-R10)
* Head
* Neck
* Tubercle
* Shaft
249
Typical ribs: the head is located at the ________ end.
*vertebral
250
The head of a typical rib has superior and inferior facets divided by _________ _____.
*Interarticular Crest
251
Facets of the typical rib head articulate with ________ _________ to for the costovertebral joint.
*Costovertebral Demifacets
252
The head of Rib n articulates with Tn and Tn-1 vertebral bodies (demifacets) and the intervening ________ disc.
*Intervertebral
253
The neck of a typical rib is (length)...
*Short
254
The tubercle of the typical rib is located at the _____ of the neck and ____ of the rib.
* Junction
| * Shaft
255
The tubercle of a typical rib has an articular facet, the ____________ joint, and a _________ surface.
* Costotransverse Joint
| * Nonarticular Surface
256
The shaft of a typical rib has a costal angle with a rough surface, with attaching _________ muscles.
*Iliocostalis
257
The shaft of the typical rib has a rounded _(Direction)_ edge and sharply angled _(direction)_ edge.
* Rounded Superior
| * Angled Inferior
257
The distal/sternal end of the typical rib shaft articulates with its costal cartilage: This joint is the ____________ articulation.
*Costocondral
258
The costal cartilages of the typical rib that articulates with the sternum form a _______ joint.
*Costosternal
259
Which are the atypical ribs?
*R1, R11 & R12
260
Arthrology is...
*The study of joints
260
Syndesmology is...
*The study of ligaments
261
What are the 2 ways of classifying joints? Based on the ___ of ______ at a joint, or based on ____ of ______ ______ at the joint.
* Degree of Movement
| * Type of connective tissue
261
3 types of joints based on the degree of movement at a joint:
1) synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis
262
Description of synarthrosis: These joints permit ______ (if any) movement; bone edges are very ______ and may even ________.
* Permits very little (if any)
* Edges are very close
* May even interlock
262
Description of diarthrosis: These joints permit a ______ range of motion. _______ Moveable.
* Wide Range of motion
| * Freely moveable
262
Description of Amphiarthrosis (joints): These joints permit _____ movement; bones are usually _ (distance)_er (together/apart) than they are at a synarthrosis.
* Permit slight movement
| * Farther apart
262
3 classifications of joints based on type of connective tissue at the joint.
1) Fibrous Joint
2) Cartilaginous Joint
3) Synovial Joint
263
Description of Synovial Joint: Articulating surfaces are covered by _______ ________, but not directly connected by tissue. Articular surfaces are separated by a joint or ______ _______, and are held closely together by a ______ joint capsule and extra joint _______ ligaments.
* Covered by articular cartilage
* (separated by) Synovial cavity
* (held together by) Fibrous joint
* Joint Capsular Ligaments.
263
What is the symphysis type of a cartilaginous joint?
*Amphiarthrosis
263
What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?
* Cartilagenous
| * Synovial
263
What is the symphysis type of a synovial joint?
*Diarthrosis
264
The central joint between vertebrae are _________ joints. (category based on connective tissue)
*Cartilaginous Joints
264
The cartilaginous joint of the vertebrae includes a _(tissue type)_ disc (intervertebral disc) that binds adjacent vertebral bodies.
*Fibrocartilagenous
265
The zygopophyseal joints of the vertebrae are formed by the ______ and ________ inferior processes (paired joints).
*Superior and Inferior
265
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae are categorized at what type of joint? (based on connective tissue)
*Synovial
265
The vertebra's zygapophyseal joint complex includes a ______ capsule lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial _____.
* Fibrous capsule
| * Synovial fluid
266
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae allowes _____er movement in relation to the size of joint.
*Greater movement
266
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae primarily allow a ______ type of movement.
*Gliding/sliding
267
The central joint of the vertebrae is between most vertebral segments, but atypical or absent between ___ & ___, the ____ and ____, the sacral segments and most _____ segments.
* C0 & C1
* The atlas & Axis
* coccygeal
267
The intervertebral disc is usually described as a ____________ complex (but, also some hyaline cartilage) that helps form the central joints of the spine.
*Fibrocartilagenous
268
The intervertebral disc is classified as a _(type of tissue)_?
*Ligament
268
How many intervertebral discs are there total?
*23 (24 only if there an IVD between the Sacrum and Coccyx)
269
What are the 3 parts of the IVD? _______ Fibrosis, Nucleus _________, Verterbal/Cartilaginous _____ ________.
* Anulus Fibrosis
* Nucleus Pulposis
* Vertebral/Cartilaginous End Plates
269
The anulus-fibrosis of the IVD functions as a __(tissue)__ to bind adjacent vertebral bodies and also retains the Inner nucleus ________.
* Functions as a LIGAMENT
| * Retains the inner nucleus PULPOSUS
269
The nucleus pulposis of the IVD is strongly hydro______.
*Hydrophilic (takes up water)
269
4 functions of the IVD:
1) _______ forces
2) Shape of the IVD contributes to the lumbar and cervical ______.
3) _______ motion at any one segment (but combined effect on motion of many segments is great)
4) Resists many types of forces due to _____ pattern.
1) Absorbs forces
2) Lumbar and Cervical CURVES
3) Limits motion
4) WEAVE pattern.
269
The anulus fibrosis of the IVD forms the outer concentric ___________ _____ or lamellae.
*Fibrocartilagenous rings
269
The IVD is adherent to the rib head (by _______ ligament) in thorax.
*Radiate ligament
269
The outer anulus of the IVD is supplied sparsely by branches of the ______ _____ ____.
*Spinal A. A. (aortic artery?)
269
The outer anulus is innervated by branches of ventral _____ of spinal nerves and the _____ chain/trunk.
* Branches of Ventral
| * Sympathetic chain/trunk
269
Which part of the IVD lacks innervation or direct blood supply? (anulus, nucleus, vertebral end plates)
*Nucleus
269
Zygapophyseal joints are classified as ______ and diarthrosis.
*Synovial
269
Zygapophyseal joints are innervated by branches of _(direction)_ primary rami of spinal nerves.
*Dorsal
269
The ligamentum flavum attaches ____ of the adjacent vertebrae.
*Laminae
269
The ligamentum flavum contributes/blends to the _____ and anterior part of the zygapophyseal capsule.
*Medial
269
The ligamentum flavum helps form the _(Direction)_ wall of the vertebral canal.
*Posterior
269
The ligamentum flavum resists _(movement)_ and absorbs forces of the spine.
*Flexion
269
The ligamentum flavum helps posterior muscles maintain ____ _____.
*Erect Posture
269
Above C7, the supraspinous ligaments become the funicular part of the _____ ligament.
*Nuchal ligament
269
The interspinous ligament resists _(movement)_ and is poorly developed in every section of the spine except the _____.
* Resist flexion
| * Lumbar
269
In arthrology, which 3 joints are considered the upper cervical joints?
*C0, C1 & C2 (Atlanto-Occipital, Atlanto-axial, Occipto-axial)
269
The plane of articulation for C0-C1-C2.
*horizontal
269
The plane articulation for C2-C7 is oblique between ______ and coronal.
*Transverse
269
The articulation of the IA facet of C7 is ...
*coronal
269
What are the 2 parts of the the fibrous septum in the posterior neck?
* Funicular part
| * Lamellar part
269
The nuchal ligament is richly innervated mainly with the ______ ____ of C2-C4 spinal nerves.
*Dorsal rami
269
The nuchal ligament provides innervation to ____________ and pain endings/receptors.
*Proprioceptive
269
The ligamentum flavum ends at the laminae of which vertebra?
*C2
269
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments ends and the body of which vertebra?
*C2
269
The atlanto-occipital articulation a categorized as a synovial and ______ joint, since the convex occipital condyles articulate with concave superior facets of the atlas.
*Diarthrosis
269
The anterior atlanto-occipital "membrane" (ligament) lies between the anterior ___ of C1 and the anterior margin of _____ _____.
* Anterior arch
| * Foramen magnum
269
The posterior atlanto-occipital ligament is the homologue (similar structure) of the ________ ______.
*Ligamentum flavum
269
The posterior atlanto-occipital ligament lies between the posterior arch of the ____ and the posterior border of _______ _______.
* Atlas
| * Foramen Magnum
269
Each vertebral artery penetrates the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament through an opening call the ________ foramen.
*Arcuate
269
The lateral atlanto-occipital ligament strengthens the articular capsule laterally and attaches the lateral mass (and TP) of the atlas to the __________ process of the jugular process of the occiput.
*Paramastoid process
269
The median atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint between the _______ process of the axis and the ______ ________ of the anterior arch of the atlas.
* Odontoid process
| * Fovea dentalis
269
The atlanto-axial articulation allows mainly what kind of motion?
*Pivot motion (axial rotation)
269
The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is the homologue of the _______ ______ ligament. (Hint: The ALL)
*Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
269
The occipto-axial complex (is/ is not) a direct articulation?
*NOT direct articulation
269
The tectorial membrane of the occipito-axial complex is a continuation of the ___terior longitudinal ligament.
*Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL homologue)
269
The tectorial membrane is postitioned along the __________ wall of the vertebral canal.
*Anterior
269
The tectorial membrane of the occipito-axial complex attaches to the posterior body of the ____ and the ________ border of the foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater.
* Posterior body of AXIS
| * Anterior border
269
The cruciform ligament is located _____ to the tectorial membrane.
*Anterior (deep)
269
The transverse part of the cruciform ligament attaches to both _____ _____ of C1.
*Lateral Masses
269
The alar ligaments limit the amount of rotation between the ____ and the _____.
*Head and the Axis
269
The C1 nerve parallels the vertebral A. through the _______ ______.
*Arcuate foramen
269
C3-C7 spinal nerves emerge through the IVF just anterior to the _____________ joints and also cross posterior to the vertebral artery.
*Zygapophyseal Joints
269
The thoracic zygapophyseal joints are typical synovial joints oriented in the _____ plane where the superior facet of the inferior vertebra is oriented mostly posteriorly.
*Coronal plane
269
The thoracic costovertebral joint is a gliding _____ joint between rib head facets and costovertebral facets.
*Synovial
269
The sternocostal joints are formed between the costal cartilages of the ____ ribs and the sternum.
*True ribs
269
Sternocostal joints are _(classification)_ for R2 - R7, but a _(classification)_ for R1.
* Synovial for R2-R7
| * Synchondrosis for R1
269
The _______ costervertebral ligament attaches the crest of the rib head to the IVD and is inside the synovial joint.
*Interosseous costovertebral ligament
269
The interosseous costovertebral ligament separates the joint cavity in _(direction)_ and _(direction)_ halves.
*Superior and inferior
269
The radiate costovertebral ligament has 3 bands, (_____, _____, and _____); one to each adjacent vertebral body and on to disc.
*Superior, intermediate & inferior
269
The _______ costotransverse ligament attaches the costal neck to the base of the transverse process.
*Interossious (aka ligament of neck of rib)
269
The lateral costotransverse ligament extends from the tip of the transverse process to the ______ ______.
*Costal Tubercle
269
The ________ costotransverse ligament extends from the neck of a rib to the T.P. of the vertebral segment ABOVE.
*Superior costotransverse
269
The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine surfaces in the _____ plane.
*Sagital
269
The interverteral discs of the Lumbar spine are especially vulnerable to injury when _(movement)_ is combined with another movement.
*Rotation
269
The 2 bands of the iliolumbar ligaments.
*Superior and Inferior
269
The superior band of the iliolumbar ligaments extends from the transverse process of L4 to the _____ _____.
*Iliac crest
269
The inferior band of the iliolumbar ligament extends from the transverse process of L_(#)_ to the iliac crest.
*L5
269
The iliolumbar ligaments provide support to __ and __ during flexion-extension and lateral flexion.
*L4 & L5
269
The alar ligaments attach the ____ to medial aspects of each occipital condyles.
*Dens
269
The alar ligaments limit the amount of rotation between the ____ and the _____.
*Head and the Axis
269
The C1 nerve parallels the vertebral A. through the _______ ______.
*Arcuate foramen
269
The C2 nerve penetrates the ___terior atlantoaxial ligament.
*Posterior
269
The Intervertebral discs of a central thoracic joint is _____ shaped, thin and small.
*Heart shaped
269
The _______ costervertebral ligament attaches the crest of the rib head to the IVD and is inside the synovial joint.
*Interosseous costovertebral ligament
269
The interosseous costovertebral ligament separates the joint cavity in _(direction)_ and _(direction)_ halves.
*Superior and inferior
269
The radiate costovertebral ligament has 3 bands, (_____, _____, and _____); one to each adjacent vertebral body and on to disc.
*Superior, intermediate & inferior
269
The lateral costotransverse ligament extends from the tip of the transverse process to the ______ ______.
*Costal Tubercle
269
The ________ costotransverse ligament extends from the neck of a rib to the T.P. of the vertebral segment ABOVE.
*Superior costotransverse
269
The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine surfaces in the _____ plane.
*Sagital
269
The Intervertebral discs of the LUMBAR spine are _____ shaped, large and thick (tallest).
*Kidney shaped
269
The interverteral discs of the Lumbar spine are especially vulnerable to injury when _(movement)_ is combined with another movement.
*Rotation
269
The 2 bands of the iliolumbar ligaments.
*Superior and Inferior
269
The superior band of the iliolumbar ligaments extends from the transverse process of L4 to the _____ _____.
*Iliac crest
269
The inferior band of the iliolumbar ligament extends from the transverse process of L_(#)_ to the iliac crest.
*L5
269
The iliolumbar ligaments provide support to __ and __ during flexion-extension and lateral flexion.
*L4 & L5
269
8 ligaments that bind the L5 to the sacrum:
1) Anterior longitudinal ligament
2) Posterior longitudinal ligament
3) Lumbosacral capsular ligaments
4) Lumbosacral ligament
5) Supraspinous ligament
6) Interspinous ligament
7) Ligamentum Flavum
8) Intervertebral Disc
269
*The __terior longitudinal ligament at L5 is very broad, while the __terior longitudinal ligament at L5 is very narrow.
*Anterior - broad
*Posterior - narrow
(at L5)
269
With lumbosacral capsular ligaments, the plane of zygapophyseal articulation is more ______ rather than ______.
*More coronal than sagittal
269
The supraspinous and interspinous ligaments that bind the L5 to the sacrum extend from the SP of L5 to the _____ sacral crest.
*Median
269
The ligamentum flavum attaches the _______ of L5 to the "_____ area" of the sacrum.
*Laminae of L5 -> Laminar area
269
The lumbosacral ligament extends from the L5 transverse process to the ____ ___.
*Sacral ala
269
The transforminal (and extraforaminal) ligaments are thin _._. bands that traverse the area of the ________ _____.
* C.T. bands
| * Intervertebral Foramen (IVF)
269
The transforaminal ligaments stabilize the spinal _____ and _____.
*Nerves and vessels
269
The sacral articular (auricular) surface is on the _(direction)_ surface of S1-S3 segments.
*Lateral
269
The Sacral auricular surface is lined by _____ cartilage.
*Hyaline
269
The groove in the ____ auricular surface fits with the ridge on the ____ auricular surface.
* Groove - Sacral
| * Ridge - Iliac
269
The iliac articular surface is lined by _____cartilage.
*Fibrocartilage
269
The Sacroiliac joint is not well developed at birth but becomes _(classification)_ with subsequent movement.
*Synovial
269
The sacroiliac articular capsule is only present in the _(direction)_ part of joint.
*Anterior/ventral
269
The sacroiliac articular capsule blends with the ___terior sacroiliac ligament.
*Anterior
269
Physical description of the Posterior sacroiliac ligament:
*Strong with extensive connections
269
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments length and strength.
*Short and VERY strong
269
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligament lies deep/anterior to the ___terior SI ligament.
*Posterior
269
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligament attaches the sacral and iliac _________.
*Tuberosities
269
The sacrotuberous ligament is very strong with long AND short parts, and attaches to the ________ tuberosity.
*Ischial
269
The _________ ligament resists the forward nodding of the base of the sacrum.
*Sacrotuberous
269
The sacrospinous ligament is a short, strong ligament that attaches to the ischial ___ and is located ___terior to the sacrotuberous ligament.
* Ischial spine
| * Anterior (Deep)
