Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards
(289 cards)
0
Q
What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?
A
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve
1
Q
What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facets?
A
40 to 50 degrees from the coronal plane
2
Q
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
A
55 to 60 degrees
3
Q
what is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
4
Q
what is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
A
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
5
Q
what muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
A
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis rotators
6
Q
what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
A
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
7
Q
what is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
A
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
8
Q
what will influence spinal kinematics?
A
geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle
9
Q
the greatest range of flexion- extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
A
typically C5/C6
10
Q
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
A
lateral bending and axial rotation
11
Q
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
A
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
12
Q
what is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are bifid
13
Q
what is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are non-bifid
14
Q
what muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
A
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
15
Q
what is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
A
atlas
16
Q
what features are lacking at C1?
A
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
17
Q
what is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
A
the anterior arch
18
Q
what muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
A
longus colli
19
Q
what ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
A
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
20
Q
what is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
A
the fovea dentis
21
Q
what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
22
Q
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
23
Q
what are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
24
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
25
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
26
what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
27
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeteres
28
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
29
what attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
30
ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
31
what is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament observed?
about age 7 years old
32
what may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus
33
what other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
34
what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
35
ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
36
what is the general range of incedence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-41%
37
what is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
38
what is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
39
what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
40
what osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
41
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
42
what suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
43
what are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
44
what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
45
what opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
46
what are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
47
which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
48
what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
49
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
50
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
51
what joint classification are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroida) joint
52
how many synovial joint surfaces are observed in C1?
five
53
what synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
54
what names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
55
what unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
56
how many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
57
what joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
58
which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
59
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
60
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
61
what joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone
62
how many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five
63
what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthorisis) symphysis
64
how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
65
what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
66
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
67
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
68
what lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
69
what is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
70
what attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
71
what is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
72
what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward and lateral (BUL)
73
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
74
what is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
75
what osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
76
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
77
what muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, logissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
78
what muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
79
what names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
80
what is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
81
what name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
82
in what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men: eighty-six percent and women: seventy-nine percent
83
what is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
84
how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
85
what muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
86
what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
87
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
88
what is the orientation of the superior facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
89
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
90
what muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
91
what muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
92
what ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
93
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
94
what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men haver larger vertebral arteries than women
95
what was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
96
which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
97
what are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
98
the vertebral artery is typically a branch of what artery?
subclavian artery
99
at what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
100
at what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
101
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
102
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
103
what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
104
what forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
105
what forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
106
what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
107
what are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial ( BUM)
108
what are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
109
how many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1= five, C2= eight, C3-6=eight, C7=six
110
how many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1=none, C2= ten, C3-6= ten, C7= eight
111
what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
112
what is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?
triangular
113
on cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?
the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex
114
what is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
115
what part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
116
what is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
117
what is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
118
what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height difference
119
what is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
120
what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
121
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
122
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
123
how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
124
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
125
what is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
126
how many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
127
which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
128
what feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracis?
the costocentral joint or ribs
129
what ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
130
what does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
131
what is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
132
which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus colli
133
what is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
134
what is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
135
which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
136
what is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
137
what is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
138
in which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
139
what are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
140
what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
141
which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalsi cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
142
how can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular process is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
143
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
145
how many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
146
how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?
six
147
identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets
148
what is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
149
imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
t5-t8
150
what thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
151
what is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
-the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
152
which muscles may attach do the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
153
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)
154
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1
155
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2
156
what are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint/
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
157
what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
158
what ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
The superior costotransverse ligament
159
the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T1 will attach to which rib?
the second rib
160
what muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervics, semipsinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
161
how many synovial joints are present at T1?
ten
162
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervics, spinalis capitis
semipsinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
163
which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
164
how many synovial joints are typically present at T9?
ten
165
how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?
six
166
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
167
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
168
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
two
169
how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
170
how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
171
which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
172
para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
173
the superior costotransverse ligament of the T10 transverse process will attach to which rib?
the eleventh rib
174
what muscles attach to the transverse process of T10
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
175
how many synovial joints are typically present at T10?
eight
176
how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T10?
four
177
a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
178
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
179
what joint classifications are present at T10?
fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
180
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
two
181
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
two
182
how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
four are typically identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
183
how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
184
which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the eleventh rib?
the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
185
which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet/
T10
186
what ligament from the costotransverse joint of T11?
the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
187
which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
the twelfth rib costotransverse joint
188
which costotransverse ligament is absent at T11?
capsular costotransverse ligament
189
which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
190
what muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
191
which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?
levator costarum longus
192
which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
193
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T11?
they face backward, upward and lateral (BUL)
194
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
they face forward, downward and medial (ForMeD)
195
how many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
six
196
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
197
which muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, mulitifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis
198
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
two
199
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
two
200
how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12/
typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
201
which muscles are attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and posas minor
202
what does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?
the transverse process
203
what does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae
204
what does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?
the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae
205
which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?
inferior tubercle
206
what joint surfaces of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?
the transverse costal facet
207
what ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament form T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
208
which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
none; the capsular, superior, inferior and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12
209
what muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii
210
which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
211
which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
212
what is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
213
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they face forward, downward and lateral (FoLD)
214
how many synovial joints are typically present at T12?
six
215
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinal thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
216
which muscles attach to the vertebral body of thoracis vertebrae?
longus colli, psoas major and psoas minor
217
which thoracic sements will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?
T1-T3, T12
218
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic?
T1 only
219
what is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
220
what accounts for the direction for the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
221
how many joints surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar/
six
222
how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
223
how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
two
224
how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
four
225
what muscles may attach to the first lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and psoas minor
226
what muscle may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
227
psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
228
what is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
229
what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
230
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical- upper thoracic region and lumbar region
231
cervical- upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
232
what is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
233
what is the proposed function of the cervical- upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
234
lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
235
what is the proposed function of the lumber Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
236
what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes;
| overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
237
what is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
238
a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
239
what muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
240
what ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?
the lumbocostal ligament
241
what muscles will attach to lumbar superior articular processes/
multfidus and intertransversarii
242
what ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
243
what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
244
what is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
245
how many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
four
246
what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
247
what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5/ and L5/S1
248
what name is given to zygapophyses between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?
joint symmetry
249
what names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
250
what is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increase in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
251
what muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multfidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
252
what is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral x-ray view
253
how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
six
254
how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
none
255
how many fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
four
256
what muscles attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
257
what is the orientation of the firth lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
258
what is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
259
what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
260
what muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
261
how many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5= four each
262
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5 = six each
263
what is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = foward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
264
what part of the sacral ala is derived fro the costal element?
the anterior two-thirds
265
what part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process?
the posterior third
266
how many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
four
267
how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
five
268
how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
one
269
how many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
four
270
what muscles may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
271
what is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
272
what is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
273
what is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?
mammillary process
274
what muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?
multifidis
275
what is the usual condition for the first sacral spinous process?
it is non-bifid and short
276
an imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the _____.
median sacral crest
277
what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
278
an imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?
intermediate sacral crest
279
what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
280
what does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
281
what is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
the sacral hiatus
282
an imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?
the lateral sacral crest
283
what is the sacral tuberosity?
the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
284
what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
285
what feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
286
what feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?
the sacral promontory
287
the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
288
* what forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
289
*what forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
