Spinal Biomechanics: Intro and Cervical Flashcards by Jennifer Tarbet

Which plane: Sagittal, Frontal, or Transverse?
A. Flexion and extension motions
B. Rotation motions
C. Right and left lateral flexion motions

A. Sagittal
B. Transverse
C. Frontal

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Which axis, X Y or Z?
A. line passing horizontally side to side
B. longitudinal axis
C. frontal or coronal axis
D. line passing horizontally front to back

A. X
B. Y
C. X
D. Z

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Which axis, X Y or Z?
A. perpendicular to ground
B. movement around it is in transverse/axial plane
C. movement around it is in frontal/coronal plane
D. movement around it is in sagittal plane

A. Y
B. Y
C. Z
D. X

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How many degrees of freedom are there? What type of motions do they correspond with?

6 total.

2 for each axis (X, Y, Z) - 1 is rotational, 1 is translational

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IAR slide 231

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The smallest spinal segment exhibiting biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine. Two adjacent vertebrae and their interconnecting disc, joints, capsule, and ligaments

Motion segment

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Name the ligaments of a motion segment

Capsular, post. longitudinal, ant. longitudinal, interspinous, intertrasverse

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Name the joint in a motion segment

Zygapophyseal

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Two motions occurring at the same time along two different axes. One motion cannot be produced without the other.

Coupled motion

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Position that joint capsule and ligaments are most relaxed. Halfway between flexion and extension.

Loose-packed joint motion

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No joint play. Capsule and ligaments maximally tightened. Maximal contact between articular surfaces. Extension position.

Closed-packed joint motion

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What are the regional spinal coupling patterns?

C2-T1, T1-T4, T4-T8,
T8-L1, L1-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1
L1-S1

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Regional Range of Motion: Which spinal segment?
A. Highest axial rot., highest flex.-ext., low lat bending
B. Low axial rot., high/mod. flex.-ext., high/mod. lat bend
C. Mod. axial rot., high flex.-ext., high/mod. lat bend
D. Mod. axial rot., low flex.-ext., mod lat. bending

A. Occiput-atlas
B. Lumbar
C. Cervical
D. Thoracic

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Which spinal segments?
A. Highest flex.-ext.
B. Highest axial rotation
C. Highest lateral bending

A. Cervical and lumbar
B. Occiput-atlas and upper thoracic
C. Cervical and lumbar

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C0-C1 Flexion-extension
Occiput ______ posteriorly (flexion) and ________ anteriorly (extension). Excursion is ____ degrees flexion to ____ degrees extension.

glides, rolls

10 degrees flexion to 25 degrees extension

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C0-C1 Lateral Flexion

Occiput _____ on side of lateral flexion and ____ on opposite side. Range of motion is ____ degrees on each side.

Rolls on side of lateral flexion
Glides on opposite side
5 degrees on each side

C0-C1 Rotation
Occiput ____ posteriorly on side of rotation and anteriorly on side opposite rotation. Range of motion is ____ degrees each side.

glides

5 degrees

C0-C1 Ligaments: Alar or Transverse?
A. Limits rotation at joint
B. Arches from one side of C1 to the other, behind dens
C. Connects occiput to dens
D. Pulls dens and C1 together

A. Alar
B. Transverse
C. Alar
D. Transverse

C1-C2 Atlas-Axis

What is the orientation of the facets? How does the shape and orientation of the facets affect motion?

Inferior facets of C1 are slightly convex and face inferiorly and medially. Superior facets of C2 are slightly convex?and face superiorly and laterally. For rotation, the facets have to up and over each other.

Atlas-Odontoid joint
_______ joint between odontoid and anterior arch of atlas (C1). ______ ligament courses around posterior aspect of odontoid.

Synovial

Tranverse

C1-C2 Flexion-extension

In flexion, C1 articular surfaces glide ________. In extension, C1 articular surfaces glide ________.

Posteriorly

Anteriorly

C1-C2 Lateral Flexion
Limited active range of motion: ____ degrees each side
Articular surfaces of C1 _____ on articular surfaces of C2 ______ the side of lateral flexion.

5 degrees
glide
toward

C1-C2 Rotation
Accounts for ____% of cervical rotation
C1 rotates around ____ in _____ plane
First ____ % of cervical rotation occurs just at C1-C2
C1 art surface glides ____ on side of rotation and ____ opposite side of rotation.

About half
Dens in transverse plane
25%
posteriorly on the side of rotation; anteriorly on opposite

C2 Flexion-extension

Primarily what type of motion?

Translation

Lower Cervical Biomechanics (C3-C7) Articular facets at ___ degree angle w/ transverse plane. Articular facets are _____ in frontal plane. Shape of articular surface is _____.

45 degree parallel nearly flat

Lower Cervical Biomechanics (C3-C7) Interbody joints are called ______ ______ process forms saddle shape to hold disc in place Form at _____ years, completed by age ___ Limit ______ motion to a few degrees

Joints of Luschka Uncinate 6-9, 18 Lateral flexion

Lower Cervical Biomechanics

``` Cervical Curve Lordotic curve of ____ to ____ degrees Begins at C____ and extends to C____ ____ and ____ planes determine curve ____ary curve develops from having _____ posture ```

20-50 degrees C1-C7 facet and disc planes Secondary curve from upright posture

Cervical Disc Disc height to body ratio ____ allows for greater ROM Center ______ like a ball bearing _____ encircle around in layers _____ fibers run diagonally in alternating layers

2:5 ratio Nucleus pulposis Lamellae Annulus fibrosis

Lower Cervical Flexion-extension Avg ROM is ____* per segment for combined flex-ext. ____ cervicals have greatest range at ____* Lowest cervical ROM is __* for ____ and ____ vertebrae Movement is _____ and _____ combined

15* Mid-cervicals at 20* 10* C2-C3 and C7-T1 segmental tipping and gliding

Lower Cervical Flexion-extension Flexion = _____ disc compression; ____ distraction Extension = ____ disc distraction; ____ compression

``` Flex = anterior compression; posterior distraction Ext = anterior distraction; posterior compression ```

Lower Cervical Lateral flexion Avg lateral flex is _____* each side Lat flex. decreases as you move ___ along cervical spine Lateral flex is coupled with ipsilateral ______

7-8* Caudally Axial rotation

Lower Cervical Lateral flexion Inferior facet glides _____ and ______ on the side of lateral flexion Inferior facet glides ____ and ____ on the side opposite lateral flexion

down and medially | up and laterally

Lower Cervical Rotation Avg ROM is ___* to each side Rotation decreases significantly at _____ Mostly _____ coupled with ipsilateral _______ Coupling not as strong as with cervical ______

5* C7-T1 axial rotation with lateral flexion lateral flexion

Which cervical joint has the highest degree of rotation? How much?

C1-C2 | 40 degrees of rotation

Craniocervical Flexion: What type of motion at each? A. C0-C1 B. C1-C2 C. C2-C7

A. roll forward, slide back B. pivot forward C. slide forward

Craniocervical Extension: What type of motion at each? A. C0-C1 B. C1-C2 C. C2-C7

A. roll back, slide forward B. pivot back C. slide back

Craniocervical Lateral Flexion A. C0-C1 B. C1-C2 C. C2-C7

A. roll opposite side of flexion B. none C. slide?

Craniocervical Rotation A. C0-C1 B. C1-C2 C. C2-C7

A. none B. slide up and over facets in direction of rotation C. slide in direction of rotation