Spinal Cord Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Chemoreceptor
A
Sense change in chemical concentration
2
Q
Sense tissue damage
A
Nociceptors
3
Q
Sense changes in temperature
A
Thermoreceptors
4
Q
Sense mechanical deformation of tissue
A
Mechanoreceptors
5
Q
Sense change in position of joints
A
Proprioceptors
6
Q
Sense change in tissue length
A
Stretch receptors
7
Q
Sense changes in light intensity
A
Photoreceptors
8
Q
Specific receptors
A
Free nerve endings
Merkel’s discs
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
9
Q
Sense touch, pressure and produce pain
A
Free nerve endings
10
Q
Sense fine touch and pressure
A
Merkel’s discs
11
Q
Sense heavy pressure
A
Pacinian corpuscles
12
Q
Sense skin movement and pressure
A
Ruffini corpuscles
13
Q
Sense change in muscle length
A
Muscle spindle
14
Q
Sense increase tension in tendons
A
Golgi tendon organs
15
Q
Sense change in blood pressure
A
Baroreceptors
16
Q
Reflexes are
A
Automatic responses to a stimuli
17
Q
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons are found in the
A
Dorsal root ganglion
18
Q
The dorsal root takes sensory information to the
A
Spinal cord
19
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves
A
31
20
Q
Three meninges
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
21
Q
Main brain regions
A
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
22
Q
The thalami and hypothalamus makes the
A
Diencephalon
23
Q
The Diencephalon links
A
Hemispheres of the cerebrum to brainstem
24
Q
The brainstem includes what three structures
A
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
25
Most inferior part of the brain
Center for coordinating complex autonomic reflexes and control of visceral functions.
Has two main reflex centers: cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity center.
Medulla oblongata
26
Links the cerebellum with the midbrain, Diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord.
Contains nuclei and tracts that carry sensory and motor information
Pons
27
Automatic processing center
Maintains balance and smooths movement
Cerebellum
28
Integrate visual information with other sensory input.
Relay auditory information
Maintain posture, body position, consciousness and alertness
Midbrain
29
The Diencephalon is comprised of
Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
30
The epithalamus contains …..which secretes……to help regulate day and night.
Pineal gland
Melatonin
31
The thalamus contains part of the…..which deals with emotions. It also projects sensory information to the frontal lobes, relay information to the motor area of the cerebral cortex.
Limbic system
32
Secretes oxytocin to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in uterus and stimulate active mammary glands to release milk.
Regulate body temperature, control heart rate and blood pressure.
Control feeding reflex, regulates circadian rhythm, and secretes ADH which restricts water loss by kidneys
Hypothalamus
33
Between the cerebrum and Diencephalon
Links conscious intellectual function of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic function of the brain stem.
Establish emotional state and will control memory storage and retrieval.
Motivational system
Limbic system
34
Largest brain region
Conscious thoughts and all high order intellectual functions originate
Cerebellum
35
Sympathetic chain ganglia are also called
Paravertebral
36
Parasympathetic nerve signals will pass via the ……..to reach the large intestine
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
37
The adrenal medulla cells divided into two groups, those that secrete epinephrine and those that secrete….
Norepinephrine
38
Collateral ganglia are unpaired ganglia located in the….
Abdominopelvic cavity
39
The sympathetic division is also called the …… division of the autonomic nervous system
Thoracolumbar
40
List two structural differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
Location of autonomic ganglia
Location of the preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the CNS
41
What is found in the sympathetic chain ganglion and the collateral ganglion
Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
42
The nerves of the sympathetic division that carry impulses from the CNS
Spinal nerves
Splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic Nerves
43
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the sacral region of the spinal cord travel in …….nerves to reach the terminal ganglia
Pelvic splanchnic
44
Location of the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system
Near the target organ
45
Location of ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
Near the spinal cord
46
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic nerve fibers are ……whereas the postganglionic fibers are…….
Long
Short
47
The sympathetic inner action for organs of the thorax is primarily derived from the…….sympathetic chain ganglia
Cervical and upper thoracic
48
Cranial nerves are components of the …….. nervous system
Parasympathetic
49
The cardiac plexus and pulmonary plexus are considered part of the
Thoracic nerve plexuses
50
The lacrimal gland is innervated by the……nerve
Facial
51
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Receptor nicotinic and muscarinic
52
Neurotransmitter norepinephrine
Receptor alpha and beta
53
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic
54
Sympathetic effects on the digestive system
Decrease gastrointestinal secretion
Pancreatic insulin secretion
Pancreatic enzymes secretion
55
The increased breakdown of lipids within adipose tissue and thus the release of fatty acids may be induced by the…….. nervous system
Sympathetic
56
Which are parasympathetic effects on the urinary system
Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
Contraction of the urinary bladder wall
57
What division prepares the eye for far vision
Sympathetic
58
Adjustments to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues in response to stimuli
Autonomic reflexes
59
All receptors that bind to ACh are referred to as ……receptors
Cholinergic
60
Located in the membrane of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and the membranes of the skeletal muscle cells
Nicotinic receptors
61
Muscarinic receptors respond to
Acetylcholine
62
What receptor bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenergic receptors
63
If the spinal cord was cut, the autonomic nervous system could still control the digestive tract by what are called……
Local reflexes
64
Location of nicotinic receptors
Skeletal muscle cells
Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia
65
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons possess ………. Receptors on their cell membranes
Muscarinic
66
Muscarinic receptors are located in
Effector cells of postganglionic neurons
67
Which division initiates the erection of the penis
Parasympathetic
68
Sympathetic nervous system
Thoracolumbar area
Originate from between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
69
Parasympathetic nervous system
Craniosacral
Sprouts from the base of ur brain and just superior to your tailbone
70
Ganglia
Clusters of neuron cell bodies that house millions of synapses
71
Sympathetic ganglia
Found closer to spinal cord
Like a bat signal
72
Parasympathetic ganglia
Found way out from the spine, near per even inside their effector organs
Specific signals like a private conversation
73
What’s the minimum number of neurons in a reflex arch
2
74
Which is not an important factor concerning reflexes
They involve interaction with the olfactory lobe
75
Ascending tracts relay information
From the periphery to the sensory cortex
76
Polysynaptic reflexes include all of the following characteristics except
Interneuron pools are contained within one spinal segment
77
What’s reinforced as it pertains to spinal reflexes
An enhancement of spinal reflexes due to postsynaptic neurons entering a state of facilitation
78
You’ve just touched a hot stove. What type of reflex did you experience? WhT way was your brain involved in the reflex?
Spinal and the brain was not involved
79
A weight lifter is straining to lift 200 kg barbell. Shortly after his muscles relax and he drops it. Which reflex has occurred
Tendon reflex
80
During a withdrawal reflex, the limb on the side opposite the stimulus extends. This is called
Crossed extensor reflex
81
In the stretch reflex, the receptor stimulated is call …the effector is …..
Muscle spindle
Same
82
Reflex responses usually remove or oppose the stimulus
Negative feedback
83
These neurons interpret information and coordinate responses
Interneurons
84
Gray matter of the spinal cord contains
Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
85
The spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L 2.
A person with polio has lost his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus infected motor neurons to be
Anterior gray horns
86
What portion of the spinal cord would be damaged by a disease that damages myelin sheaths
Columns
87
A pt has damage to several spinal nerves. Which major area of the nervous system has been damaged
Peripheral nervous system
88
Site damage to a pt suffering whiplash and loss sensation in left arm and hand
C5-T 1
89
Compression of which nerve bothers older ppl on long car rides
Sciatic nerve
90
Epidural insertion between which two structures
Body of vertebrae and dura mater
91
Suffering nerve damage, difficulty maintaining posture and moving vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged
Dorsal rami
92
Spinal nerves are classified as mixed nerves because
They contain both afferent and effererent fibers
93
Three columns of white matter are
Ventral, dorsal, and lateral
94
Injury to ………plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe.
This nerve regulate breathing….
Cervical
Phrenic
95
Anesthestic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerve. Which body area is affected
Skin and muscles of the back of the neck and shoulders
96
After injuring her back. She exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about the injury?
Possible damage to descending tracts in the spinal cord
97
Which term refers to when a post synaptic neuron axon collateral stimulates the pre synaptic neuron
Reverberation
