Spinal cord

Question 1

How many vertebra?

Answer 1

33

Question 2

What are diff types vertebra?

Answer 2

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx

Question 3

How many:
Cervical- 7
\Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx

Answer 3

Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5 - fused, sacrum
Coccyx- 4 - fused

33 total

Question 4

Which vertebrae fused?

Answer 4

Sacral- sacrum
Coccyx

Question 5

How many spinal nerves present?

Answer 5

31

Question 6

How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

Answer 6

Tendon

Question 7

What is build up muscle (diff structures)
Flowchart

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle (biggest)
Muscle fasciculi
Myofibrils
Protein filaments- actin and myosin (smallest)

Question 8

What occurs to actin and myosin when muscle fibres depolarised?

Answer 8

Actin and myosin slide against each other
Muscle contraction

Question 9

How to differentiate vertebra?

Answer 9

Cervical
Transverse foramen- contain vertebral artery
Bifid spinous process- except C7

Thoracic
Thinner spinous process
Circular vertebral foramen
Costa facets

Lumbar
Spinous process thick and broad
Triangular vertebral foramen

Question 10

What vertebra is atlas?

Answer 10

C1

Question 11

What vertebra is axis?

Answer 11

C2

Question 12

What is dens?

Answer 12

Spike on C2- axis

Question 13

What cervical vertebra doesn’t have a bifid spinous process?

Answer 13

C7

Question 14

What vertebra has a thin spinous process and circular vertebral foramen?

Answer 14

Thoracic vertebra

Question 15

What vertebra has thick spinous process and triangular vertebral foramen?

Answer 15

Lumbar vertebra

Question 16

What vertebra has transverse foramen and bifid spinous process?

Answer 16

Cervical vertebra

Question 17

What does transverse foramen contain?

Answer 17

Vertebral artery and sympathetic chain

Question 18

What vertebra?

Answer 18

Cervical

Question 19

What vertebra?

Answer 19

Thoracic

Question 20

What vertebra?

Answer 20

Lumbar

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

What covers spinal cord?

Answer 22

Meninges
Dura- outside
Subarachnoid
Pia- inside

DAP

Question 23

What supplies autonomic innervation to viscera?

Answer 23

Spinal cord

Question 24

What vertebrae supply upper/lower limb?

Answer 24

Cervical (C3-T1) to upper limb
Lumbar (L1-S3) to lower limb

Question 25

What does spinal cord taper to?

Answer 25

Tapers cone Conus medullaris

Question 26

What is end of spinal cord?

Answer 26

Filum terminale

Question 27

Where does spinal cord end at 3mnths foetal life?

Answer 27

3 months foetal- whole length

Question 28

Where does spinal cord end at birth?

Answer 28

L3

Question 29

Where does spinal cord end at adulthood?

Answer 29

L1/L2

Question 30

What do axons in dorsal cord convey?

Answer 30

Afferent neurons (sensory)

Question 31

What do axons in ventral cord convey?

Answer 31

Efferent neurons (motor)

Question 32

Where do spinal nerves leave spine? Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

Answer 32

Cervical- 1 vertebra higher than corresponding vertebra - except C8- below Thoracic segments- 1-2 vertebra below corresponding vertebra Lumbar segments- 3-4 vertebra below corresponding vertebra Sacral segments- 5 vertebra below corresponding vertebra

Question 33

What spinal nerves leave higher?

Answer 33

Cervical Apart C8- below

Question 34

What is cervical spinal nerve exception?

Answer 34

Cervical seg leave 1 vertebra higher than corresponding vertebra EXCEPT C8 BELOW

Question 35

How many pairs of spinal nerves? Divided?

Answer 35

31 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1C

Question 36

State what covers nerves?

Answer 36

Epineurium- outermost layer- surrounds several fascicles Perineurium- covers each fascicle - composed layers of epithelium bound by tight junctions Endoneurium- delicate connective tissue around myelin sheath of individual axon

Question 37

What is outer layer covers nerves? What does it surround?

Answer 37

Epineurium - surround svl fascicles

Question 38

What layer covers each fascicle? Surround, bound by what?

Answer 38

Perineurium Surround each fascicle Bound by tight junctions

Question 39

What layer wraps round ind. myelin sheath of each axon?

Answer 39

Endoneurium

Question 40

Define funiculi?

Answer 40

Large bundles fascicles

Question 41

What stain is used myelin? What colour change occurs?

Answer 41

Osmium Stain white matter black

Question 42

What does osmium stain?

Answer 42

Myelin

Question 43

What stains grey matter?

Answer 43

Silver stain stains grey matter black Cell bodies stain

Question 44

What is stain used for cell bodies?

Answer 44

Silver stain Stain grey matter black

Question 45

What is grey matter?

Answer 45

Cell bodies

Question 46

How is grey matter shaped?

Answer 46

H- 4 protrusions 2 dorsal 2 ventral

Question 47

What is rexed laminae?

Answer 47

10 layers grey matter

Question 48

What are 3 main parts of rexed laminae?

Answer 48

Laminae I-III Laminae VII Laminae IX

Question 49

What characteries Laminae I-III Laminae VII Laminae IX

Answer 49

Laminae I-III: substantia gelatinosa Laminae VII: Clarke’s Column (C8-L3) Laminae IX: motor supply

Question 50

State front arm spinal reflex?

Answer 50

C5/C6

Question 51

State back arm spinal reflex?

Answer 51

C7/C8

Question 52

State diaphragm spinal reflex?

Answer 52

C3/C4/C5 (keeps the diaphragm alive (phrenic))

Question 53

State erection of penis spinal reflex?

Answer 53

S2/S3/S4 (pudendal nerve)

Question 54

State ankle jerk spinal reflex?

Answer 54

S1/S2 Once, two, buckle my shoe

Question 55

State knee jerk spinal reflex?

Answer 55

L3/L4 Three, four, kick down the door

Question 56

State wrist and biceps spinal reflex?

Answer 56

C5/C6 Five, six, pick up sticks