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From Flashcardlet > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord layers of protection

A
  • bones (vertebral column)
  • CT (meninges)
  • fluid (cerebrospinal fluid)
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2
Q

dura mater

A

outermost, toughest layer of meninge

dense irregular ct

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3
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • spider like
  • middle layer of meninges
  • avascular
  • web like arrangement of oxygen & elastic fibres
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4
Q

Subdural space

A
  • Thin space between duro mater & arachnoid mater

- contains interstitial fluid

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5
Q

pia mater

A
  • innermost layer of meninges
  • thin CT membrane which adheres to surface of spincal cord & brain
  • collagen & elastic fibres
  • many BV’s
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6
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • between pia mater & arachnoid mater

- filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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7
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A
  • help hold spinal cord centered with all 3 layers of the meninges
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8
Q

Spinal cord found between

A

medulla oblongata and 2nd lumbar vertebra

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9
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Structure where spinal cord tapers at its end to

–> from there, filum terminale anchors spinal cord to the coccyx

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10
Q

Thickenings/enlargements of S.C. along its length (2)

A
  1. Cervical enlargement: area from which nerves serving upper limbs arise
  2. Lumbar enlargement: area from which nerves serving lower limbs arise
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11
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • Spinal nerves at inferior end of spinal cord existing the cord & extending inferiorally before existing vertebral column itself
  • looks like horse’s tail
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12
Q

Dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion

A

dorsal root: contains axons of sensory neurons only, info coming into CNS (afferent fibres)
- dorsal root ganglions: bundles of cell bodies for those same neurons

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13
Q

Ventral root

A
  • contains axons of motor neurons only

- sending impulses from cns to effectors (efferent fibres)

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14
Q

Names & pairs of spinal nerves

A
  • -> 8 pairs cervical (C1-C8)
  • -> 12 pairs thorocic (T1 - T12)
  • -> 5 pairs lumbar (L1 - L5)
  • -> 5 pairs sacral (S1-S5)
  • -> 1 pair coccygeal (Co1)
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15
Q

grey matter

A
  • arranged in H pattern in interior of cord

- composed of cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, dendrites of interneurons & motor neurons

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16
Q

White matter

A
  • surrounds grey matetr

- composed of bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

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17
Q

Grey commisure

A

Centre of spinal cord where L and R components of grey matter join

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18
Q

Anterior white commisure

A

Joins R & L portions of white matter

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19
Q

Central Canal

A
  • small opening in centre of spinal cord

- where CSF circulates

20
Q

Regions of grey Matter

A

Somatic motor neuron & Motor neuron anterior horns ( outgoing impulse & contraction)
posterior horns (incoming info to CNS)
lateral grey horns ( outgoing impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle + glands)

21
Q

White Matter Columns

A
  • anterior white column
  • posterior white column
  • lateral white column
22
Q

sensory tracts

A

ASCEND the spinal cord

axons transmit sensory nerve impulses towards the brain

23
Q

motor tracts

A

DECEND the spinal cord

axons transmit motor impulses away from the brain

24
Q

reflex

A
  • a fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus
  • response is the same each time that the same stimulus occus
25
Q

Tpes of reflexes (4)

A

Spinal reflexes - in spinal area
Cranial reflexes - in brain
Somatic reflexes - Skeletal muscles
Autonomic reflexes - use smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands

26
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The route which a nerve impulse uses to produce a reflex

27
Q

Reflex arc: Sensory receptor

A

detects stimulus

generates action potential

28
Q

reflex arc: sensory neuron

A
  • transmits sensory info to grey matter of spinal cord or brain
29
Q

reflex arc: integration Centre

A
  • in grey matter
  • monosynaptic reflex arc: only one synopse - sensory neuron synapses directly with a motor neuron
  • polysynaptic reflex arc: sensory neuron synapses with interneuron, which synapses with the motor neuron
30
Q

Reflex arc: motor neuron

A
  • transmits nerve impulse from integration centre to effectors
31
Q

Reflex arc: effector

A 
- muscle/gland that produces response
effector's response = the reflex
- effector = skeletal
muscle = somatic reflex
effector = cardiac/smooth
muscle/gland = autonomic reflex
32
Q

Somatic Spinal Reflex

stretch reflex

A
  • causes skeletal muscle to contract in response to stretching of muscle
  • monosynaptic reflex arc

(topping on tendons attached to muscles –> elbow, wrist, knee, ankle)

ipsilateral reflex

33
Q

Ipsilateral reflex

A

sensory input enters the spinal cord on the same side as motor output leaves spinal cord

34
Q

Somatic spinal reflex

Tendon Reflex

A
  • meant to protect tendons from being torn
  • controls muscle tension
  • ipsilateral reflex
  • polysynaptic reflex
  • sensory receptors: (golgi) tendon organs
35
Q

Somatic spinal reflex

Flexor (withdrawl) reflex

A
  • causes withdrawl from painful stimuli
  • helps protect body from harm
  • ipsilateral, polysynaptic reflex
  • intersegmental reflex arc
36
Q

intersegmental reflex arc

A

involves more than one segment of the spinal cord and their associated motor nerves

37
Q

Somatic Spinal reflex

Crossed extensor Reflex

A
  • Helps keep balance when withdrawing from painful stimulus
  • contralated reflex are
    • -> sensory info enter spinal cord on one side, but response is send on opposite side of spinal cord
38
Q

Plantar flexion reflex

A
  • normal response in people over 18 months of age

abnormal response: extension of great toe
- damage to desending motor pathways in spinal cord –> babinski sign

39
Q

CT coverings of spinal nerves

A

Individual axon –> endoneurium
grp of axons (nerve fascicles) –> perineurium
bundes of fascicles –> epineurium

40
Q

Rami

A

The branches created by the splitting up of each spinal nerve

41
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • ventral rami of c1-C4 spinal nerves
  • found deep in neck
  • phrenic nerve
  • irritation causes hiccups
42
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • C5-C8 + T1 spinal nerves

- nerve supply of shoulders + upper limbs

43
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4 spinal nerves

femoral nerve

44
Q

sacral + coccygeal Plexuses

A

Sacral L4-L5, S1-S4
- Sciatic nerve (composed of tibial and common fibular nerves)

coccygeal: S4-S5
- coccygeal nerves

45
Q

Dematomes

A

Area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or cia cranial nerve V (5)

From Flashcardlet (9 decks)

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