Spinal Exam 1: Unit I,II

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissue

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

osteoblasts - form bone
osteocytes - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclasts - remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

collagen type 1

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

Question 13

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 13

1. is has the ability to heal
2. to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure
3. and to age

Question 14

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 14

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

the skull

Question 18

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 18

endochondral ossification

Question 19

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 19

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 20

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 20

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 21

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 21

the clavicle

Question 22

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 22

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 23

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 23

cortical or compact bone
and
spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

Question 24

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 24

subchondral bone

Question 25

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 25

the periosteum

Question 26

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 26

the endosteum

Question 27

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 27

``` sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogentic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation) ```

Question 28

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified at which type of variation?

Answer 28

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 29

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 29

ontogenetic variation

Question 30

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 30

geographic variation or population based variation

Question 31

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 31

idiosyncratic variation

Question 32

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 32

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bones

Question 33

Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 33

long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones

Question 34

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

Answer 34

is it longer than it is across (length greater than breadth

Question 35

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

Answer 35

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

Question 36

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

Answer 36

they are essentially cuboidal

Question 37

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 37

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

Question 38

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

Answer 38

the bone develops within a tendon

Question 39

What are the consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 39

patella and pisiform

Question 40

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

Answer 40

flat bones, irregular bones, and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

Question 41

What are flat bones?

Answer 41

a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 42

What are examples of flat bones?

Answer 42

the parietal bone and sternum

Question 43

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

Answer 43

numerous projections or irregular outlines

Question 44

What are examples of irregular bone?

Answer 44

the vertebrae and innominate bones

Question 45

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

Answer 45

air spaces within the bone

Question 46

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

Answer 46

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

Question 47

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Answer 47

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid

Question 48

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

Answer 48

accessory and heterotopic bone

Question 49

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 49

accessory bone

Question 50

What are examples of accessory bone?

Answer 50

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

Question 51

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

Answer 51

heterotopic bone

Question 52

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

Answer 52

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

Question 53

What are the four basic surface features categories?

Answer 53

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets

Question 54

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

Answer 54

during and after puberty

Question 55

What are the types of osseous elevations?

Answer 55

linear, rounded, and sharp

Question 56

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

Answer 56

the line, ridge, and crest

Question 57

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

Answer 57

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus

Question 58

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 58

spine and process

Question 59

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 59

linear and rounded depressions

Question 60

What are the categories of rounded osseous linear depressions?

Answer 60

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

Question 61

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

Answer 61

the fovea and fossa

Question 62

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

Answer 62

ostium or orifice and hiatus

Question 63

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

Answer 63

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

Question 64

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

Answer 64

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

Question 65

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

Answer 65

foramen or canal

Question 66

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 66

meatus

Question 67

What are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 67

flat facets and rounded facets

Question 68

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 68

articular heads and articular condyles

Question 69

How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?

Answer 69

206 bones

Question 70

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?

Answer 70

the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 71

How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?

Answer 71

126 bones

Question 72

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

Answer 72

80 bones

Question 73

What bones form the axial skeleton?

Answer 73

the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

Question 74

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

Answer 74

28 bones

Question 75

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

Answer 75

the cranium

Question 76

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

Answer 76

the calvaria or calva

Question 77

What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?

Answer 77

the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium) and the auditory ossicles

Question 78

What is the neurocranium?

Answer 78

the bones that support or protect the brain

Question 79

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

Answer 79

8 bones

Question 80

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

Answer 80

the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

Question 81

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral skeleton)?

Answer 81

14 bones

Question 82

What is the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium)?

Answer 82

the bones that support the face or front of the head

Question 83

What bones form the facial skeleton?

Answer 83

mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and zygomatic

Question 84

By strict definition, what is the splanchocranium?

Answer 84

the bones that support the face minus the mandible

Question 85

What bones form the splanchocranium?

Answer 85

vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic

Question 86

How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?

Answer 86

6 bones

Question 87

What bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?

Answer 87

stapes, incus, and malleus

Question 88

How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?

Answer 88

1 bone

Question 89

What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?

Answer 89

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumber vertebrae,, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx

Question 90

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

Answer 90

the spine

Question 91

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

Answer 91

24 bones

Question 92

What is the definition of "spine" as it pertains to the vertebral column?

Answer 92

the pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column

Question 93

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

Answer 93

1 bone

Question 94

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

Answer 94

the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process

Question 95

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

Answer 95

12 pair or 24 ribs