Spinal - Final Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the three basic functions of the Nervous System?
A
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
2
Q
All of the following are related to the sensory functions of the nervous system except:
- Makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviour
- Senses pH of blood
- Senses Visceral pain
- Senses outside the body such as pain, touch and temp
A
Makes decisions regarding appropriate Behaviour
- This is part of the integrative function
3
Q
Name the different parts of the CNS
A
Brain - cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum
Spinal Cord
4
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
Spinal nerves?
A
12 pairs cranial
31 pairs of spinal
5
Q
Name the basic elements of the Nervous System
A
- Receptors
- Sensory/Afferent Neurons
- Motor/Efferent Neurons
- Effectors
6
Q
All of the following relate to the Somatic Nervous System except:
- Is voluntary
- Consists of sensory neurons that convey information through special sense receptors
- Conduct impulses to smooth muscle and glands
- Proprioception from the Joints and Muscles to the CNS
A
Conduct impulses to smooth muscles and glands
- this is part of the Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic conducts impulses to the skeletal muscles only
7
Q
Where are the receptors primarily located for sensory neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A
Located in the viscera
8
Q
What portion of the ANS can be further divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System?
A
The Motor Portion
9
Q
Where does the Spinal Cord extend to and from @ 8 weeks of development? 24th week? Birth? Adult?
A
8 weeks: entire length of the vertebral canal
24 weeks: end is located at S1 vertebral level
Birth: caudal end of cord is located between L2-L3
Adult: L1 IV disc
10
Q
The tapered caudal end of the spinal cord is called?
A
Conus Medullaris
11
Q
The spinal cord is anchored to the dural sac by all of these structures except:
- Brain stem
- Denticulate Ligaments
- Arachnoid Mater
- Coccygeal Ligament
- Filum Terminal Interna
A
Arachnoid Mater
12
Q
What structure anchoring the spinal cord in the dural sac is a lateral extension of the pia mater?
A
Denticulate/Dentate Ligaments
13
Q
How many pairs of teeth will attach the Denticulate ligament to the dural sac?
A
22 Pairs
14
Q
What is the name of the inferior extension of the Pia mater covered by Arachnoid & Dura mater, between the end of the Dural sac and the coccyx?
A
Filum Terminale Externa aka Coccygeal Ligament
15
Q
T or F
The Dorsal Rootlets are axons of motor neurons (output/efferent)
A
False
Axons of sensory neurons! Motor = Ventral Rootlets
16
Q
Are Roots located proximal or distal to Rootlets?
A
Distal
17
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? Break it into regions
A
31 8 C 12 T 5 L 5 S 1 C
18
Q
The cervical nerves are named for the vertebra above or below?
A
Below
19
Q
T or F
L5 spinal nerve is located between L5 & S1
A
True!
Thoracic and Lumbar nerves are named for the vertebra above.
20
Q
Describe the transition of the orientation of rootlets in space throughout the spine.
A
Cervical - rootlets are just about perpendicular to the cord
As we descend to the lower cord levels, the rootlets become more obliquely angled due to the fact that they have tot ravel farther distance to exit the IVF.
21
Q
All of the following are FALSE regarding the Cauda Equina Except:
- begins at the level of L1
- ends at the level of S2
- collection of elongated thoracolumbo rootlets
- make their way superiorly to their corresponding IVFs
A
Ends at the level of S2
22
Q
The cervical enlargement is at between what vertebral levels??
A
C4 to T1 cord levels
23
Q
T or F
The LumboSacral Enlargement is found at T11-L1 spinal cord levels?
A
False!
L1-S3 Spinal cord levels
T11-L1 Vertebral levels
24
Q
Where are the cell bodies (nuclei) of the cranial nerves located?
A
Predominantly in the brainstem
25
What rami will form plexuses?
Ventral
26
All of the following are among terminal branches of the cervical plexus except:
- Ansa Cervicalis
- Greater Auricular
- Lesser Occipital
- Lesser Auricular
- Transverse Cervical
Lesser Auricular
27
How is the cervical plexus organized?
Into Roots, Loops, and Terminals
28
What level of the Cspine compose the roots of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4 VPR
29
What are the main terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
```
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial
```
30
What nerve will innervate the flexor muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous
31
How many muscles does the median nerve innervate in the anterior compartment of the arm?
6.5
32
All of the following are true regarding the Ulnar nerve except:
- innervates 1.5 muscles in the forearm
- Its cutaneous part is for the lateral 1/3 of both sides of the hand
- innervates 14 muscles of the hand
- has both cutaneous and muscular branches
Lateral 1/3 of both sides of hand
- Ulnar is MEDIAL!! Median nerve does the lateral 2/3 of the hand.
33
The roots of the Lumbar plexus are made up of what spinal levels?
L1-L4 VPR
34
All of the following are true regarding the Lumbar plexus except:
- organized into roots, branches, divisions, and terminals
- innervates primarily the anterior and lateral muscle compartments of the thigh
- innervates some of the abdominal and pelvic muscles
Innervates primarily the anterior and lateral muscle compartments of the thigh
- anterior and MEDIAL!!!
35
Name the terminal branches of the Lumbar Plexus
```
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
Femoral and Obturator Nerves
```
36
What nerve innervates all 6 muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral
37
The medial side of the leg is innervate by a cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve called:
Saphenous Nerve
38
What is the longest cutaneous nerve in the body called?
Saphenous Nerve
39
What nerve innervates all 6 muscles of the medial thigh compartment?
Obturator Nerve
40
L1-L3 spinal levels of the Obturator nerve innervates what muscle?
Psoas
41
Iliacus is innervated by what spinal level of the Obturator Nerve?
L2 & L3
42
L1-L2 spinal levels of the Obturator Nerve will innervate all of the following muscles except: Psoas Minor, Internal abdominal oblique, transverses abdominis, all of the above.
All of the above
43
The Sciatic Nerve is made of ____ components: what are they?
2
Tibial
Common Peroneal
44
The tibial component is made from what Sacral Roots?
Anterior divisions of L4-S3
45
Describe the innervations of the Tibial Nerve
Hamstring group & vertical fibres of Adductor Magnus, all 7 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg, 18 muscles of the sole of the foot and some of the leg and foots skin.
46
T or F
| The Superficial branch of the Common Peroneal nerve innervates both lateral compartment muscles.
TRUE
47
T or F
| In the thigh as part of the Sciatic, the Common Peroneal innervates 1.5 muscles only.
False
.5 not 1.5
48
In the leg, the deep branch of the Common Peroneal will innervate how many muscles in what compartment?
4
| Anterior Compartment
49
T or F
The common peroneal nerve along with its branches also innervate some of the leg's skin and the majority of the sole of the foot.
False!
Dorsum of the foot not sole
50
Name the posterior terminal branches of the sacral plexus:
Superior Gluteal L4 L5 S1
Inferior Gluteal L5 S1 S2
Piriformis S1 S2
51
Name the nerves that innervate the lateral anterior aspect of the thorax
Intercostal Nerves VPR
52
There are ____ spinal cord level segments
31
53
T or F
In the cross sections of the Spinal Cord, you can differentiate between the H or butterfly shaped central region, the white matter, where the cell bodies of neurones are located and the surrounding grey matter.
False!
The butterfly central region is grey not white! The surrounding is white not Grey!
54
T or F
| The Central Canal is a remnant of the notochord
False
It is a remnant of the Neural Tube
55
Name the three parts of the grey matter
Dorsal Horn
Intermediate zone
Ventral horn
56
The gray or white matter is a place of synapse?
Gray Matter
57
What is released at synaptic points?
Neutrotransmitters
58
Name the part of the Gray matter that is the receiving area for sensory/afferent info
Dorsal Horn
59
Sensory info going to the Gray matter is coming from what part of the body
Skin and Viscera through the DRG also, descending info from the higher areas of the CNS
60
What part of the Gray matter houses the cell bodies of the first order of the autonomic nervous system
Intermediate zone
61
Describe the neurons that are located in the Lateral Horn of the intermediate zone
All the preganglionic sympathetic neurons & part of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
62
The lateral horns are located in the intermediate zones at what cord levels for the sympathetic system
T1-L2/L3 cord levels
63
T or F
| The lateral horns for the Sacral part of parasympathetic are located at the L5-S4 level
False
- only S2-S4
64
T or F
| The Ventral Horn contains mainly cell bodies of the higher motor neurons
False
Lower motor neurons
65
T or F
| The Ventral horn is the area where a monosynaptic stretch reflex occurs
True
66
Give two examples of a monosynaptic stretch reflex
Patellar and ankle reflexes
67
What are the layers of the Gray matter called and how many do you have?
Rexed Laminae
| 10
68
Describe how the cell bodies are grouped in regards to the Rexed Laminae
Longitudinal columns and numbered I to X in roman numerals starting at the most dorsal lateral aspect of the dorsal horn moving forward to the most ventral aspect of the ventral horn
69
What Laminae is the most dorsal?
I
70
T or F
| Laminae X is the most ventral
False!
Lamina IX
71
The cross bar of the "H" is called?
Gray Commissure
72
T or F
| Laminae X is located at the crossbred of the "H" connecting the two halves of the "H"
True
73
What is a tract?
A bundle of nerve fibres in CNS that generally have the same origin and destination, as well as a similar function like the spinothalamic tract.
74
Name the Ascending Tracts
```
Spinothalamic
Spinoreticular
Spinoolivary
Spinotectal
Spinohypothalamic
```
75
These axons travel from the cerebral cortex of the spinal cord
Corticospinal tracts
76
T or F
| The Cervical cord levels have more white matter than the thoracic levels because they have more structures to innervate
False!
More Gray matter!!!
77
Why does the cervical level have a lot of white matter?
Because it houses all the ascending and descending tracts at their respective level, as well as all the ascending and descending tracts from areas below.
78
T or F
| The cervical segment contains the greatest amount of white matter and the Coccygeal the least.
True
79
T or F
The thoracolumbar segments have a lateral horn that consists of cell bodies for 1st order the Parasympathetic Division of the autonomic ns
False!
Sympathetic division!
80
All of the following about the Sacral segments are true except:
- they also have lateral horns
- consist of preganglionic sympathetic neurons
- S2 - S4
- consist of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Sympathethic neurons is wrong!
81
T or F
| For the Autonomic Nervous System the cell bodies of the Preganglionic neurons are always located within the CNS
True
82
Where are the postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ns located?
always outside the CNS in a postganglionic "autonomic ganglion"
83
Does the axon of the preganglionic neuron for the ANS exit the cord via the ventral or dorsal roots?
Ventral
84
T or F
| The axons of the postganglionic neurons are myelinated
False
They are unmylinated and have slower velocity than the preganglionic fibres.
85
Thoracolumbar system aka __________
Sympathetic Nervous System
86
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia aka ______________
Paravertebral ganglia
87
Where are the Sympathetic Collateral Ganglia located?
Around the large arteries of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
88
Sympathetic Collateral Ganglia aka _____________
Prevertebral Ganglia
89
T or F
| The number of ganglia along the chain of the sympathetic trunk correspond with the number of the spinal nerves (31)
False
Do not correspond because some of the ganglia have fused together.
90
T or F
| The Spinal Dura Mater attaches to the Foramen Magnum & Axis
True
| Attaches also to Coccyx and Posterior Atlantooccipital Membrane
91
T or F
| The Ansa Cervicalis of the Cervical Plexus is made of the upper root C1 and the lower root C3-C4?
False!
True that it is made of the upper root C1 but the lower root is C2-C3
92
T or F
The roots of Lumbar Plexus as they emerge out of the vertebral canal through the IVFs, pass below the corresponding IV disc
False!
| Pass above the corresponding IV discs.
93
T or F
| L1 disc when protruded can affect L2 through Co (coccygeal spinal nerve)
True!
Since lumbar plexus is basically made of the L1-L4 roots; therefore L2 L3 L4 roots of lumbar plexus are most likely to be affected by L1 disc.
94
T or F
| L5 disc protrusion will not have any affect on there lots of Lumbar Plexus
True!
| Lumbar Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots
95
T or F
The neurones in both Laminae VI and VII are among the interneurons (neurons located in between the input and output neurons)
True
96
T or F
The Super Cervical ganglion contain the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the Radiating muscles of the iris and more.
False
Postganglionic SYMPATHETIC
97
T or F
The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in the Inferior Salivatory Nucleus of the Medulla
FALSE
Located in the Pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalantine fossa.
98
T or F
| Sweat glands and hair follicles are innervated by the postganglionic sympathetic fibres?
True!
99
T or F
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all four ventricles and in the Epidural Space
False!
True CSF is found in all 4 ventricles but it is NOT found in the epidural space.
100
T or F
| The Dorsal Motor Nucleus is the location for the Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of cranial nerve XI
False
This is the location for cranial nerve X = Vagus Nerve
101
T or F
| Cranial nerve X = Vagus Nerve
True
102
T or F
| The Edinger-Westphal Nucleus is the location of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of Oculomotor Nerve.
True
103
T or F
| Oculomotor nerve = cranial nerve XII
False!
Cranial Nerve III
104
Which of the following is mismatched:
1. +theta Y = rotation of the head toward the left
2. +theta X = flexing the spine forward
3. -theta Z = bending the spine to the right
4. -theta Y = rotation of the head toward the right
Number 3
Should be + theta Z not -
105
Which of the following autonomic ganglia are not located on both sides of the vertebral column:
1. Superior Cervical Ganlion
2. Celiac Ganglion
3. Stellate Ganglion
4. Otic ganglion
5. None of the above
4 - Otic Ganglion
The Otic Ganglion are among those autonomic ganglia which are not located on either side of the vertebral column or in front of it. This parasympathetic ganglion is located in the infratemporal fossa on the medial side of Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve.
106
T or F
| The Celiac ganglion are located behind the vertebral column
False
They are located in front!!!
107
T or F
Superior cervical ganglion are the highest sympathetic ganglia which are located on both sides of the upper cervical vertebrae
True
108
T or F
| The Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the pons along with their branches supply the Submandibular Ganglion
False!
Submandibular Ganglion are located in the floor of the mouth and are therefore out of reach of Vertebral Arteries and its branches.
109
T or F
| The Vertebral arteries and branches will supply the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
True
The nucleus is located in the upper half of this part of the brain stem.
110
T or F
The Basilar Artery is made of the union of the two Vertebral arteries at the top of the pons and terminate into its two Posterior Cerebral Arteries.
False
Although it is made of the union of the two vertebral arteries and terminates into the Posterior Cerebral arteries the union is not at the top of the pons but rather the BASE of the pons.
111
T or F
| The Basilar Artery and the its two Posterior Cerebral Arteries are the main suppliers of the Visual cortex
True!
