spine

Question 1

what are the functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 1

provides attachments for deep muscles, protects the spinal cord, support the trunk, support the skull

Question 2

why is the vertebral column curved?

Answer 2

for flexibility and resiliency

Question 3

what type of bones are the vertebrae? and how many do we have in the early life?

Answer 3

they are irregular bones, 33

Question 4

what are the 5 groups of vertebrae?

Answer 4

Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Question 5

what are the curves that are associated with each section of the spine?

Answer 5

Cervical = Lordotic
Thoracic = Kyphotic
Lumbar = Lordotic
Sacrum & Coccyx (Pelvic) = Kyphotic

Question 6

what are other names for Lordotic curves?

Answer 6

Compensatory, Secondary

Question 7

What are the other name for Kyphotic curves?

Answer 7

Primary

Question 8

What does primary curve mean?

Answer 8

they are present at birth

Question 9

When does the cervical spine begin to develop for holding up the head unassisted? sit unassisted?

Answer 9

3-4 months hold head up, 8-9 months sit unassisted

Question 10

is Lordotic convex or concave anteriorly?

Answer 10

convex anteriorly

Question 11

is kyphotic convex or concave anteriorly?

Answer 11

concave anteriorly

Question 12

what are the 12 parts to a vertebral bone?

Answer 12

Body, Pedicles x2, Laminae x2, Articular processes x4, transverse processes x2, spinous proc x1

Question 13

what 2 things encloses to form the vertebral foramen?

Answer 13

Vertebral arch and body

Question 14

how much is overall length of spine is intervertebral disk?

Answer 14

1/4

Question 15

what are the types of vertebral articulations and their movement classifications?

Answer 15

cartilaginous = slightly moveable
synovial = Freely moveable

Question 16

what type of joint is intervertebral joint?

Answer 16

cartilaginous joint

Question 17

what type of joint is sacroiliac joint?

Answer 17

cartilaginous

Question 18

what are all the synovial joints in the vertebrae?

Answer 18

Atlanto-occipital joint, costotransverse, costovertebral, and Zygapophaseal joint.

Question 19

what are the a typical vertebrae in cervical spine?

Answer 19

C1, C2, and C7

Question 20

For C1:
Does it have a body?
what is it consists of?
what divides the anterior and posterior arches?
what is on the lateral mass of C1?

Answer 20

1. it does not have a body
2. It is consists of anterior and posterior arches, articular surfaces,2x transverse process, 2x lateral masses, 4 articular surfaces
3. Transverse atlantal ligament
4. Articular facets, superior and inferior

Question 21

For C2:

what is the other name for the Dens?

Answer 21

Odontoid Process

Question 22

What are the joints associated with C1?

Answer 22

Atlanto-occipital joint

Atlanto-axial joint

Question 23

For C7:

What is the other name for the spinous process?

Answer 23

Vertebral prominens

Question 24

what does the Transverse Processes on cervical spine have on them that is significant and radiography? and what is it for?

Answer 24

It has transverse foramen, it allows for passage of vertebral arteries and veins

Question 25

what joints are perpendicular to the midsagittal plane on the Cervical spine?

Answer 25

Zygapophyseal joint

Question 26

how are the intervertebral foramina on the C spine situated? and how do you best demonstrate it in a radiograph?

Answer 26

they are situated anteriorly 45 degrees from the midsagittal plane and 15 degrees inferior angle to the horizontal plane of the body

Question 27

what position best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina? Z joints?

Answer 27

Obliques are best and Z joints are lateral

Question 28

what shape do T3-T9 forms?

Answer 28

triangle

Question 29

What is special about T1? T9, T10-12?

Answer 29

T1 contains a whole facet superiorly and a demifacet inferiorly T9 contains only demifacets superiorly T10-12 contain whole facets superiorly and NONE inferiorly

Question 30

Which thoracic spine does not contain a surface for articulation with Rib 11 and 12?

Answer 30

T11-T12

Question 31

what is the best position for viewing zygapophyseal joint on the T spine? and why?

Answer 31

on anterior or posterior obliques from lateral position then 15-20 degrees rotation. Because the Z joint is opened at 15-20 degrees anteriorly and is 70-75 degrees anterior to the midsagittal plane of the body.

Question 32

where is the intervertebral foramina of the T spine located? What position is best to help demonstrate the IF?

Answer 32

It is 90 degrees to the mid sagittal plane (perpendicular) | Lateral is the best position.

Question 33

what size is the body of Lumbar spine??

Answer 33

Bean

Question 34

Where is mammillary process located on the L spine?

Answer 34

It is located posterior to the superior articulating facet

Question 35

What is the pars interarticularis?

Answer 35

Pars Int. is a continuation of laminae between superior and inferior articular process

Question 36

what shape is body of L5? other unique features compared to L1-L4

Answer 36

it is wedge shape, deeper in anterior than posterior. Spinous process is shorter and transverse process is thicker

Question 37

how is the Z joint of the L spine positioned?

Answer 37

Posteriorly from coronal plane at an angle of 30-60 degrees. It is posteriorly to the midsagittal plane of the body.

Question 38

How many segments are there in sacrum?

Answer 38

5

Question 39

what are the differences between male and female sacrum?

Answer 39

Male: long, narrow, and more evenly curved and vertical position Female: Acutely curved, greatest curvature on the lower half and lies in a oblique plane

Question 40

which part of the sacrum contains the articulating facets?

Answer 40

The body of the first sacral segment

Question 41

Where is the sacral promontory located?

Answer 41

it is located on the first segment of the body of sacrum, on the anterior margin of the body

Question 42

how many pairs of sacral canals are there?

Answer 42

4

Question 43

what is the other name for the lateral masses?

Answer 43

Ala

Question 44

where is the apex of the sacrum located? what is the horns of apex called?

Answer 44

inferiorly, cornua

Question 45

How many coccyx do we have?

Answer 45

3-5, usually 4

Question 46

what influences the normal scoloiosis?

Answer 46

muscle action of an occupation

Question 47

where does compression fracture affect the spinal column?

Answer 47

in the vertebral body

Question 48

where does the "hangman's" fracture affect the spinal column?>

Answer 48

2nd Cervical spine by frx, sometimes anterior sublaxation of 2nd on the 3rd vertebra

Question 49

Injury to the 1st cervical vertebra, aka Burst Fracture

Answer 49

Jefferson's fracture

Question 50

what are the positions which will demonstrate the Dens?

Answer 50

AP open mouth and Fuchs AP projection

Question 51

what degree is the Z joint of the T spine opened?

Answer 51

20 degrees from the MCP, 70 degrees from the MSP