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EPHE 450 > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

function of axial skeleton in terms of forces

A

transfer and absorb forces from upper and lower extremities

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2
Q

what do the ribs protect?

A

internal organs

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3
Q

function of spinal curves

A

to absorb forces

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4
Q

describe development of curves from birth

A

born: single kyphotic curve
infant: develop cervical lordosis
walking: develop lumbar lordosis

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5
Q

what are the four spinal curves

A

two lordotic - cervical and lumbar
two kyphotic - thoracic and sacral

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6
Q

number of vertebrae and how many per region?

A

33 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-5 coccyx (fused)

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7
Q

parts of the typical vertebrae

A

body
2 pedicles
2 lamina
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramen
7 processes (1 spinous, 2 transverve, 4 articular)

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8
Q

function of vertebral processes

A

muscular attachements
provide leverage for the muscles
articulations

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9
Q

what are zygopophyseal joints

A

joints between the vertebra above and below via the articular processes

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10
Q

what runs through the vertebral foramen?

A

spinal cord

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11
Q

what is the shape of the cervical vertebral foramen and why is it this way

A

large and triangular
this is the smaller vertebra and needs to still fit the spinal cord through

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12
Q

What is C1 called and describe its shape

A

Atlas
large transverse processes
no body (lateral masses)

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13
Q

what is C2 called and describe important part of its shape

A

Axis first prominent spinous process
dens (odontoid process)
has a body

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14
Q

what is the general shape fo C3-C6

A

typical cervical vertebrae

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15
Q

what is unique about C7

A

vertebral prominence
looks a bit like a thoracic vertebrae because it articulates with the T-spine

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16
Q

main parts of the thoracic vertebrae

A

heart shaped body
transverse processes (long and strong, like armour)
spinous processes (long, slope down and posterior, spine of T7 at level of T8 body)
have articulations for the ribs

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17
Q

thoracic vertebrae shape largely prevents what movement to protect what

A

prevent spinal extension to protect the heart and lungs

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18
Q

how and where to the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

on the costal facets on vertebral body (head of rib)
on costal facets on transverse processes (rib tubercle)

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19
Q

where do the arms connect to the spine

A

sternoclavicular joint

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20
Q

main parts of the thorax

A

sternum (manubrium, body, xyphoid processes)
7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs

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21
Q

what is a floating vs a false rib

A

floating: joint with cartilage of rib 7
false: don’t connect to the cartilage

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22
Q

describe main parts/landmarks of the ribs

A

head (two articular facets)
Neck
tubercle to articulate with TP
Body
Sternal end

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23
Q

which ribs are atypical in shape and what makes them different

A

1: broad and short
2
10 = single articular facet
11-12: no neck or tubercle, single articular facet

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24
Q

Features of the body, spinous processes, transverse processes, and articular processes of the lumber vertebrae

A

Body: wider along transverse vs AP axis
Spinous process: large and horizontal
TP: accessory process at TP root
Articular process: mammilary process on posterior border of superior process

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25
nerve roots off sacrum become what
sciatic nerve
26
what is in the sacral canal
cauda equina
27
what part of teh sacrum to we name the movement of the sacrum off of
sacral promotory
28
what is the sacral hiatus and what passes through
opening in the sacrum, allows passage of the cauda equina
29
three sacral crests made out of what structures
lateral = for tips of TPs median = fused rudimentary SPs Intermediate = fused articular processes
30
what is the auricular surface and where is it and what is an important feature
lateral surface of the sacrum SI joint cross of hyaline and fibrous cartilaginous joint to provide stability and movement
31
where it the sacral tuberosity and what attaches off of it
postural sacroiliac ligament in angle of the "ear"
32
what is a motion segment in the vertebrae made of
two vertebrae three intervertebral joints + facet joint capsules intervertebral disc longitudinal and intersegmental ligaments facet joint capsules
33
what movements do the cervical facet joints allow
flex/ex + rotation
34
what movements do the thoracic facet joints allow
side bending
35
what movements do the lumbar facet joints allow
flex/ex, no twist
36
facets open in what movement and close in what movement
Open = flexion close = extension
37
what movements test facet irritation
flexion and rotation
38
describe an intervertebral disc and what structures stabilize it
made of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulpous annulus fibrosis stabilizes the lies, vertebrae stabilize top and bottom, ribs stabilize the sides in thoracic vertebrae.
39
number of joints at each vertebrae and what type of joint they are
2 cartilage joints above and below (intervertebral discs) 4 articular joints between processes (synovial)
40
O, I, A of anterior longitudinal ligament
O: pelvis surface of sacrum I: anterior tubercle of C1 and anterior foramen magnum A: prevent vertebral hyperextension
41
posterior longitudinal ligament OIA and where it runs
Run within vertebral canal along posterior bodies O: C2 I: sacrum A: prevent posterior herniation of nucleus pulpous; resister hyperflexion; proprioceptor
42
Where does the ligamentous flavum run and function and why is it yellow
has more elastin = yellow vertical ligaments extended from lamina to lamina and extend lateral to IV foramen Helps to assist with straightening teh spine after flexion (elastic band) and helps preserve curvature
43
O, I of interspinous ligament; what does it turn into at C7, and what is it made out of, strong or weak?
Membranous, weak O: root of spinous process I: apex of adjoining spinous processes turns into the ligament nuchae, reinforces the vertical area and is an area of muscle attachment
44
Supraspinous ligament Strong or weak? Make out of? Runs from were to where? Continuous with what?
Strong fibrous cord Connects to tips of SP's from C7 to sacrum Continuous with interspinous ligament
45
inter transverse ligaments connect what? What are they like in the C spine vs T spine
connect adjacent transverse processes C spine: a few scattered irregular fibres T spine: rounds cords closely connected with deep muscles of the back
46
what is coupling why does it occurs
vertebral motion rarely happens in one plane; combined motion = coupling due to facet orientation: limited by disc, ligaments, fascia and muscles
47
motion at Atlanta occipital joint
nodding (not neck flexion)
48
motion at atlanto-axis joint
rotation
49
what percent of neck rotation occurs at the Atlanto axis joint
50%
50
articulations from C2-C7: what is the facet joint angle between transverse and frontal place what process provides most of bony stability stable or mobile?
45 degree uncinate processes mobile rather than stable
51
cervical ROM (flex, ex, side flex, rotation)
Flex: 50 degrees Ex: 60 degrees Side flex: 45 degrees Rotation: 80
52
T spine facet joint orientation? optimal for what? What structures limit movement
Facets: oriented to the frontal plane, optimal for side bending movements limited by ribs, sternum and spinous processes
53
T spine ROM
Flex: 20-45 degrees Ex: 25 to 40 Side flex: 25-40 rotation: 30-50
54
L spine ROM
Flex: 40-60 degrees Ex: 25 to 40 Side flex: 15-20 rotation: 5-20
55
where does the ribs articulate with the t spine vertebrae
costal facets on vertebral body and facet on rib head transverse costal facets + rib tubercle
56
functions of the thoracic region
protection for cardiorespiratory system and internal organs Breathing
57
Three motions that make breathing
pump handle (AP increase) Bucket handle (increase horizontal width) calliper (posterior, protect kidneys)
58
L- spine Facet orientation // facilitates what what movement is very limited what lumber vertebrae has the most movement
saggital facet orientation facilitates flex and ex rotation limited most movement occurs at L4/L5
59
L5/S1 facet orientation and function of that orientation
frontal orientation prohibits rotation and anterior shear
60
name all ligaments of the spine
ALL PLL supraspinous interspinous ligamentum flavum intertransverse iliolumbar
61
function of iliolumbar ligament orientation/location
stabilize L4 and L5 on sacrum help to resist anterior shear of L5 on S1 (spondylolisthesis) posterolateral orientation from TP to L4 and L5 to the crest of the ilium
62
weak point in the spine
L5/S1 junction
63
ligamentous support of the lumbosacral junction
iliolumbar sacrolumbar
64
position of L5 on S1
anterior and anterior tilt
65
how much motion is allowed at the sacroiliac joint
1-3 mm
66
what type of joint is the SI joint and what does this allow
diarthrodial sacrum: hyaline (mobility) Iliac: fibrocartilage (stability)
67
what is nutation and counternutation
special name for flexion (nutation) and extension (counternutation) at the SI joint
68
describe nutation
sacral locking posterior rotation of ilium on the sacrum when moving from supine to standing, ilia move closer together and ischial tuber-sixties move apart
69
what does is pathological nutation and what does it cause
when nutation only occurs on one side, and ASIS is higher and PSIS is lower on one side, gives appearance of a shorter leg
70
what is counternutation
sacral unlocking anterior rotation of the ilium on the sacrum ilia move further apart and ischial tuberosities approximate limited by posterior SI ligaments
71
what does pathological counternutation cause
ASIS is lower and PSIS is higher on one side
72
direction of forces through the body when sitting and standing
standing: HAT --> L5 --> sacrum --> pelvis --> pubis symphysis and femoral heads --> floor sitting: pubis symphysis to ischial tuberosities to chair
73
what direction is the sacrum pushed and what direction is teh iliac pushed when standing and sitting
sacrum --> anteriorly ilia --> posteriorly
74
long posterior sacroiliac ligament - location - connects to - function
caudal to PSIS most superficial connects to S3 and S4 resist sacral counternutation
75
what ligament resists nutation and what does it connect to
sacrotuberous connects to ILA, coccyx to ischial tuberosity
76
anterior ligaments of the pelvis
anterior SI ligament inguinal ligament
77
location of inguinal ligament and function
from ASIS to pubic tubercle contains spermatic cord or broad ligaments and ilioinguinal nerve
78
what ligament creates the sciatic notch
sacrospinous ligament
79
O and I of the sacrospinous ligament
O: ischial spine I: lower lateral sacrum S4 and S5 and coccyx
80
what does the thoracolumbar fascia connect (two bigger ideas)
connect ilum to skull and opposite glute to opposite late
81
function of thoracolumbar fascia
spinal stabilization, enhances ability to lift heavy loads
82
pre vertebral neck flexor main muslce
longus colli
83
what muscle is a big neck proprioceptor
longus colli
84
what muscle is a big issue in whiplash
longus colli
85
what to the anterior, middle and posterior scalenes connect to
ant: rib 1 middle: rib 1 post: rib 2
86
what muscle can cause numbness in the arm
the scalenes pull up on ribs, and pinch brachial plexus
87
posterior cervical muscles (which group is deep and which is superficial)
Deep: erector spinae, below upper trapezius levator scapulae Superficial: splenius group
88
what muscles run between the SP and TP (group name and individual muscles) + what is their orientation + O and I
transversospinalis group semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores O: TP of inferior vertebrae I: SP of superior vertebrae oblique orientation
89
name muscles of the erector spinae group
iliocostalis longissimus (both) spinalis
90
main function of erector spinae muscles
anti-gravity, hold you upright
91
name the two splenius muscle - what is is the function - O and I (general)
splenius cervicis splenius captius Function: thick and got, wrap the vertical muscles and hold them in place O: SP + ligamentum nuchae I: TPs and skull
92
what are the four deep muslces of the back
intertranversarii interspinalis multifidus rotatores
93
name the intermediate muscles of the back (2 groups, name four from one of the groups)
transverospinalis erector spinae (longissimus thoracic, iliocostalis lumborum and thoracic, quadrates lumborum
94
O, I A of quadratus lumborum
O: iliolumbar ligament, posterior iliac crest I: inferior border of the last rib and TP of L1-4 A: elevate ipsilateral pelves, side flex ipsilaterally, assist in spine extension of lower lumber spine, anterior tilt of pelvis
95
anterior trunk and lateral mucles (5)
Rectus abdominis External and internal oblique transverse abdominis external adn interval intercostals diaphragm
96
primary inspiratory muslces
diaphragm, levator costarum, internal (anterior) and external intercostals
97
primary expiratory muscles
abdominal muscles internal intercostals (posterior) transverse thoracic
98
name the three hiatus in the diaphragm and what cases through each structures pass through the diaphragm
vena caval foramen (inferior vena cava and phrenic verve) Esophageal hiatus (esophagus and vagus nerve) aortic hiatus - formed by median arcuate ligament --> does not pierce diaphragm
99
diaphragm origins and insertion
Sternal: dorsal of typhoid process Costal: inner surfaces of lower 6 costal cartilages Lumber: by crura from bodies of upper lumber vertebrae to 12th rib insertion: central tendon
100
main function of the head neck adn trunk msucles
provide a solid platform the limbs can move on
101
TMJ joints are what type and made between what two structures
bilateral synovial joints convex mandibular condyles + concise glenoid fossa
102
motion for opening and closing at the TMJ joint
rotation and translation
103
three movements of the TMJ joint
open/close lateral shift protrusion/retrusion
104
three main muscles of closing the jaw
temporalis masseter medial pterygoid

EPHE 450 (2 decks)

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