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MSK 2023 > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

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1
Q

Bony landmarks on spine

A 
Spinous process
Lamina 
Superior and posterior articular process (facet)
Pedicles
Transverse processes 
Superior and inferior notches
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2
Q

Main section of spine

A

Vertebral body

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3
Q

Hole in centre

A

Vertebral foramen

spinal cord goes here (cauda equina)

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4
Q

Spongey bone in vertebral body function

A

shock absorption
haemopoesis
reduces weight of spine

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5
Q

What do the lamina form?

A

Bony roof to vertebral foramen

connect transverse process to spinous process

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6
Q

What is created when lamina come together?

A

Spinous process

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7
Q

What do pedicles do?

A

Connects transverse process to vertebral body

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8
Q

Articular facets?

A

Articular cartilage

Joints between adjacent vertebrae

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9
Q

Largest joint

A

Between ventral bodies

Cartilaginous vertebral disc join vertebrae together

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10
Q

What do superior and inferior notch form?

A

Converted into foramina when vertebra are connect

Intervertebral foramina (spinal nerves leave here)

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11
Q

Spine ligaments

A

Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

Problems with intervertebral disc joints between ventral bodies

A

Herniation of contents posterolaterally

Can compress spinal nerves emerging from intervertebral foramina

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13
Q

Synovial joints between vertebrae known as

A

Facet / zygapophyseal joint

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14
Q

Function of facet joints

A

prevents antero-posterior displacement of vertebrae

create intervertebral foramina

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15
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Full length of spine
Bind vertebral bodies and discs on anterior surface
Prevents hyperextension

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16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Full length of spine
Prevents hyperflexion

weaker than anterior

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17
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Joins adjacent lamina together
Yellow due to lots of elastic fibres
Prevents hyperflexion

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18
Q

Interspinal ligament

A

Weak fibrous
Joins adjacent spinous processes
Prevents hyperflexion

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19
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Full length of spine (strong white fibrous)
Connects tips of spinous processes
Prevents hyperflexion

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20
Q

Which ligament do you need to be most aware of and why?

A

Lumbar puncture

Ligamentum flavum will offer resistance to needle

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21
Q

Sections of spine

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum 
Coccyx
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22
Q

Anterior part of spine

A

Vertebral body

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23
Q

Posterior and lateral part of spine

A

Vertebral arch

spinous process, 2x transverse process, 2x pedicles, 2x lamina, 4x articular process

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24
Q

Functions of spine

A

Supports weight of skull, pelvis, upper limbs and thoracic cage
Protects spinal cord and cauda equina
Movement
Haemopoesis

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25
Spinal curvature
Primary curvature = Kyphosis | Secondary curvature = Lordosis
26
Primary curvature
kyphosis | retained throughout life in thoracic, sacral and coccygeal regions
27
Kyphosis
ANTERIOR CONCAVE | lose lumbar kyphosis during crawling
28
Lordosis
POSTERIOR CONCAVE
29
secondary curvatures
``` Lordosis 1st =Cervival (lifting head) THEN Lumbar (crawling/walking) ```
30
Blood vessels within epineurium called
Vasa Nervorum
31
Vertebrae column structure with number of vertebrae
``` Cervical - 7 thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 (fused) Coccygeal - 4 (fused) ```
32
mobility of spine regions
Lumbar and Cervical - relatively mobile | Thoracic - limited mobility as joined to ribs via sternum
33
Sacral structure
5 fused verterbrae
34
Coccyx structure
4 fused vertebrae
35
Primary curves
Kyphotic Thoracic, sacral and coccygeal (develop during foetal period)
36
Secondary curves
Lordotic Lumbar and Cervical develop during childhood - lifting head and crawling
37
Superior and inferior vertebral bodies articulating surfaces known as
Vertebral end plates (covered with hyaline cartilage)
38
Size of vertebrae change
Increase in size from superior to inferior spine | dissipate force
39
Transverse and spinous processes function
Attachment for muscles and ligaments to control vertebral bodies position (lever arm, mechanical advantage)
40
intervertebral discs parts
``` Annulus fibrosus (peripheral) Nucleus pulposus (central) ```
41
Annulus fibrosus
Type 1 Collagen lamellar collagen in varying directions Avascular and Aneural Resists compression
42
Nucleus pulposus
Remenants of embryonic notocord Gelatinous - type 2 collagen Located posterior in adult Acidic
43
What is filum terminale?
Continuation of pia mater (conus medullaris to 1st coccyx segment) longitudinal support to spinal cord
44
Where does spinal cord begin and end?
Begin - medullary region | end - conus medullaris (L1/L2)
45
Cervical vertebrae compared to cervical nerves
8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae
46
Bone structure of vertebral body
90% cancellous bone = allows for haemopoesis, light, absorb force 10% cortical
47
What does vertebral foramen contain?
Spinal cord, conus medullaris, cauda equina, meninges | epidural veins, spinal arteries
48
Orientation of lumbar facet joints
Perpendicular to axial 45 degrees to coronal plane allows flexion and extension
49
What directions do each facets face?
Superior articular facet - posteromedially | Inferior facet joint - anterolaterally
50
Movement at facet joints
Interlock flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
51
Types of joints in lumbar spine
``` Fibrous/non mobile - sacroiliac Secondary cartilaginous - intervertebral discs Synovial joints (very mobile) - facet joints ```
52
Intervertebral discs made of
70% water 20% collagen 10% proteoglycans (compress throughout day which makes us shorter)
53
Where do infections occur spinal cord?
Disc side of endplate | Discs are avascular so more of a kinder environment for pathogens
54
Anterior vs posterior ligaments spine
Anterior stronger than posterior
55
Anterior ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior to vertebral body) | Posterior longitudinal ligament (posterior to vertebral body)
56
Why do paracentral prolapses occur
Posterior longitudinal ligament stops prolapse occurring at posterior so comes out of lateral side
57
Posterior ligaments
Supraspinous Interspinous Ligamentum flavum
58
what happens to intervertebral discs as you age?
Dehydrate | = greater forces through facet joints
59
What enables us to stand upright?
Pelvis is broader and more vertical
60
Curves in adult
``` 5 (sinusoidal profile) 3 kyphosis (thoracic and sacococcygeal) 2 lordoses (cervical and lumbar) ```
61
What happens to vertebral column in old age?
Secondary curvatures dissapear Loss of disc height / osteoporotic fractures Continous primary curvature (hunched over)
62
What occurs during pregnancy?
Exaggeration of Lumbar Lordosis

MSK 2023 (55 decks)

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