Spine Anatomy

Question 1

C7 has the most ___
T3 is level with ___
T7 level with ____
L4 level with ____

Answer 1

C7 - Prominent vertebral spine (vertebra prominens)
T3 - Scapular spine
T7 - Inferior angle of scapula
L4 - Iliac crest

Question 2

Cervical spine has ___ curvature and ___ vertebrae

Answer 2

Lordotic

7

Question 3

What is the C1 vertebra called? What is unique about it?

Answer 3

C1 = Atlas (holding up the world!)
No spinous process or body
Posterior/anterior arch/tubercle
Brainstem narrowing to form spinal cord needs large foramen

Question 4

C2 is called what? How unique?

Answer 4

Axis (articular w/ C1 allows head to pivot)

Dens inserts into “facet for dens” on C1

Question 5

COmplex with C1 and C2? What movements does this allow?

Answer 5

Occiput-Atlas-Axis Complex

Allows nodding/shaking head

Question 6

What is unique about transverse processes in cervical vertebrae?
Risk of spinal manipulation here?

Answer 6

Transverse foramen for passage of vertebral artery

Vertebral artery dissection

Question 7

Thoracic spine has ___ curve and consists of ___ vertebrae

Unique features?

Answer 7

Kyphotic
12 vertebrae
Costal facets

Question 8

Lumbar spine has ___ curvature

__ vertebrae

Answer 8

Lordotic
5 vertebrae (bigger as you go lower)

Question 9

Which part of the spine has heart-shaped vertebral bodies?

Answer 9

Thoracic

Question 10

Curvature of sacral spine?

How many vertebrae?

Answer 10

Kyphotic

5 fused vertebrae

Question 11

How many vertebrae in the coccyx?

Answer 11

3 2-(fused)

Question 12

Sacral canal/hiatus are continuation of?

Answer 12

Vertebral foramen in C/T/L spines

nerves then exit through ant/post sacral foramina

Question 13

What is the joint between the occipital condyles of skull + superior articular facets of atlas?
Type of joint?
Motion?

Answer 13

Atlanto-occipital
Synovial
Nodding (flexion)

Question 14

How many atlanto-axial joints are there? Motion?

Held i place by what ligament?

Answer 14

2 LAJ + 1 MAJ (dens)
Pivoting of head
Transverse ligament of atlas

Question 15

Joints between uncinate processes and inferolateral vertebral bodies above from C3-C7

Answer 15

Uncovertebral joints

Question 16

What are zygapophyseal (facet) joints?

Answer 16

Plane, synovial joints

Between inferior/superior articular processes

Question 17

Describe intervertebral joints

Answer 17

Fibrocartilaginous joints

Bw vertebral bodies + intervertebral discs

Question 18

Between which vertebae is there no intervertebral joint?

Answer 18

C1-C2 (atlas has no body)

Question 19

Components of intervertebral disc

Answer 19

Annulus fibrosis (thick outer fibour ring)
Inner nucleus pulposus (gelatinous, avascular)

Question 20

2 types of joints articulating with ribs. Between what and what?

Answer 20

Costovertebral joints (head of rib w/ costal facets)
Costotransverse joints (transverse process w/ costal tubercle)

Question 21

Name 5 ligaments supporting spine

Answer 21

Anterior (anterior to vertebral bodies)
Posterior (within vertebral canal)
Supraspinous (on spinous processes, becomes nuchal ligament in neck)
Interspinous ligament (b/w spinous processes)
Ligamenta flava (b/w laminae)

Question 22

Innominate bone AKA? Made up of what 3 bones?

Answer 22

Os coxae

Ilium + ischium + pubis

Question 23

3 important ligaments of the pelvis?

Answer 23

Sacrospinous (sacrum –> ischial spine)
Sacrotuberous (sacrum –> ischial tuberosity)
Sacroiliac (SI joint)

Question 24

What nerves pass through the greater sciatic foramen? Which pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 24

GSF: sciatic + gluteal
LSF: pudendal + obturator

Question 25

What muscles (4) oppose too much rotation of sacrum forward + coccyx backward under weight of spine?

Answer 25

Rectus abdominus External obliques Glutes + hamstrings

Question 26

Tapered bottom of SC = ? At what spinal level? What is below that?

Answer 26

Conus medularis @ L1-L2 | Cauda equina = bundle of nerves below

Question 27

3 meninges

Answer 27

Dura (thick exterior) Arachnoid Pia (spray-paint like interior)

Question 28

Space between dura + arachnoid mater. What is this space?

Answer 28

``` Subdural space POTENTIAL space (blood can collect there but not usually filled) ```

Question 29

Between arachnoid + pia mater

Answer 29

Subarachnoid space

Question 30

Dura has ___ and ___ layer. Only ___ layer continues into the SC

Answer 30

Endosteal + meningeal | Only meningeal in SC

Question 31

Arachnoid mater lacks..

Answer 31

Vascularity/innervation

Question 32

Dural sinuses are between __ and ___

Answer 32

Endosteal + meningeal layers (full of venous blood, drain thebrain)

Question 33

Dural septa = | What are the 4?

Answer 33

``` 2 layers of meningeal dura Falx cerebri (divides hmisphere) Tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum from cerebellum) Falx cerebelli (halves of cerebellum) Diaphragma sellae (covers sella turcica/pituitary) ```

Question 34

3 types of extracerebral hemorrhages

Answer 34

Epidural (above dura, usually arterial blood) Subdural (below dura, usually venous) Subarachnoid

Question 35

Which space contains CSF?

Answer 35

Subarachnoid

Question 36

Epidural space is posterior to ___, highly___ and filled with ___

Answer 36

Posterior to dura mater, highly vascularized, filled with fat

Question 37

For lumbar puncture/epidural the needles pass through what layers?

Answer 37

Skin, subQ fat, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flava Then for LP go through dura + arachnoid maters

Question 38

Epidural/LP should be performed at what spinal level and why?

Answer 38

BELOW conus medularis (e.g. L3-L4)

Question 39

What 2 opposing muscles perform flexion and extension of neck? Innervation?

Answer 39

SCM (flex) Traps (ext) Accessory nerve for both

Question 40

Name 4 extrinsic back muscles

Answer 40

Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboids Teres major

Question 41

Deep muscles: (supplied by dorsal rami) | - name 5 superficial deep back muscles (2 categories

Answer 41

1) Erector spinae: Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis ("I like standing" from lat --> med) 2) Splenius cervicis + capitus

Question 42

Deep muscles: (supplied by dorsal rami) | - name 3 DEEP deep back muscles

Answer 42

Transverso-spinal group: semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus

Question 43

"Hands in pockets" are which abdominal muscles?

Answer 43

External obliques (internal are up twd sternum)

Question 44

Abdominal muscles from external to internal

Answer 44

External obliques Internal obliques Rectus abdominus Transversus abdominus