Spine Mechanics

Question 1

vertebral unit

Answer 1

two adjacent vertebrae

associated intervertebral disc

Question 2

Rule of 3’s

Answer 2

refers to the location of the spinous process in relation to the transverse process in the thoracic spine

Question 3

T1-T3

Answer 3

spinous process located at the level of the corresponding transverse process

*same level

Question 4

T4-T6

Answer 4

spinous process located 1/2 a segment below the corresponding transverse process

Question 5

T7-T10

Answer 5

spinous process located at the level of the TP of the vertebrae ONE below

Question 6

T11

Answer 6

spinous process located 1/2 a segment below the corresponding transverse process

Question 7

T12

Answer 7

Spinous process located at the level of the corresponding transverse process
*same level

Question 8

Cervical Superior Facet Orientation

Answer 8

backward, upward, medial

BUM

Question 9

Thoracic Superior Facet Orientation

Answer 9

backward, upward, lateral

BUL

Question 10

Lumbar Superior Facet Orientation

Answer 10

backwards medial

Question 11

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 11

covers and connects the anteroalateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs

Question 12

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 12

weaker band that runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

• resists hyperflexion
• prevents posterior herniation of nucleus pulposus

Question 13

Ligamentum Flava

Answer 13

connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 14

Rotatores

Answer 14

breves and longi

• bilateral: extend
• unilateral: rotates opposite

Question 15

multifidus

Answer 15

found in lumbar region (skips 2-4 vertebrae)

• bilateral: extends the spine
• unilateral: flexes spine to the same side, rotates opposite

Question 16

Semispinalis

Answer 16

• bilateral: extends thoracic and cervical spine

- unilateral: bends to same side, rotates opposite

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

40-90 degrees

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

20-45 degrees

Question 19

Sidebending

Answer 19

15-30 degrees

Question 20

Rotation

Answer 20

3-18 degrees

Question 21

Coupled Motion

Answer 21

CONSISTENT association of a motion along or about one axis with another motion along a 2nd axis
-principle motion can’t be produced without the associated motion occuring

Question 22

Linkage

Answer 22

relationship of joint mechanics with surrounding structures

-increased ROM

Question 23

Elastic barrier

Answer 23

range between the physiologic & anatomic barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs BEFORE tissue disruption

Question 24

Excessive motion/restriction

Answer 24

references the vertebrae above in a functional vertebral unit

-ie. excess motion of L2 is the motion of L2 on L3

Question 25

Type 1 Mechanics

Answer 25

- Neutral - Sidebending and rotation are couple in OPPOSITE directions - tends to be a group of vertebrae

Question 26

Type 2 Mechanics

Answer 26

- Flexion or Extension - Sidebending and Rotation are coupled in the SAME direction - tends to be a single vertebrae

Question 27

Naming Somatic Disfunction

Answer 27

1. locate the vertebra 2. Indicate position (N, F, E) 3. Indicated sidebending 4. Indicated rotation

Question 28

Fryette's 3rd Principle

Answer 28

initiating a movement of a vertebral segment in any place of motion will modify the movement OF THAT SEGMENT in other planes of motion -restricted in 1 direction (motion will be restricted in other directions

Question 29

Fryette's Principles

Answer 29

THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE ONLY - neutral: sidebending and rotation are couple in oposite directions - F/E: sidebending and rotation are coupled in the same direction

Question 30

Push TP right

Answer 30

vertebra rotates left

Question 31

Right PTP

Answer 31

restriction of left rotation -hard end feel (restricted in rotation to the left)

Question 32

Spine of the Scapula

Answer 32

T3 spinous process | T3 transverse process

Question 33

Inferior angle of the Scapula

Answer 33

spinous process of T7 | TP of T8

Question 34

Iliac Crest

Answer 34

level of L4 vertebra

Question 35

Scoliosis

Answer 35

``` lateral curvature of the spine named toward convexity (Levo-left and dextro-right) -more common in females Cobb angle do forward bending test ```

Question 36

Cobb angle and managment in Scoliosis

Answer 36

``` less than 25 degrees -conservative: monitor 25-45 degrees -non-operative: braces more than 45 -surgical fusion to prevent progression ``` failure of proper management can cause respiratory compromise (50+) and cardiac compromise (75+)

Question 37

Mechanical Low Back Pain | radiation below the knee

Answer 37

radiculopathy spinal stenosis cauda equina syndrome

Question 38

Straight Leg Raise Test

Answer 38

raise the leg with knee extended (nonspecific test) - positive test: pain (15-30 degrees) - -lumbar disc etiology --tests for radiculopathy, Spinal stenosis

Question 39

Radiculopathy

Answer 39

pain with dermatomal distribution neurological function may be impaired (lower extremity weakness and diminished reflexes) -MRI

Question 40

Spinal Stenosis

Answer 40

BILATERAL lower limb pain neurogenic claudication neuro function may be impaired (LE weakness, diminshed reflexes) typically chronic positive straight leg test

Question 41

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Answer 41

impaired neuro function - sadle anesthesia - LE weakness - diminished reflexes - urinary retention *EMERGENCY* usually traumatic MRI

Question 42

Spina Bifida Occulta

Answer 42

failure of the neural tube to close without hernation

Question 43

Spina Bifida Meningocele

Answer 43

failures of the neural tube to close with the protrusions of the meninges through the defect

Question 44

S. B. Myelomenginocele

Answer 44

failure of the neural tube to close with protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the defect

Question 45

Sacralization

Answer 45

one or both TPs of L5 are long and articulate with the sacrum

Question 46

Spina Bifida

Answer 46

defect in the closure of the lamina

Question 47

lumbarization

Answer 47

failure of S1 to fuse with the rest of the sacrum *uncommon AF

Question 48

Spondylosis

Answer 48

bony spurs

Question 49

Spondylolysis

Answer 49

scotty dog fx

Question 50

Spondylolesthesis

Answer 50

slipping of one vertebra on another