Spine & Thorax Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
A
24
2
Q
How many cervical vertebrae are located in the neck?
A
7
3
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back?
A
5
4
Q
There are ______ thoracic vertebrae
A
12
5
Q
The sacrum & coccyx are composed of ____ vertebrae that do not move
A
fused
6
Q
These vertebrae are the most mobile and accessible out of the 24 spinal bones
A
Cervical vertebrae
7
Q
These 12 vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs and are designed for minimal movement & protect the vital internal organs
A
Thoracic vertebrae
8
Q
These vertebrae are located btw the 12 rib & posterior iliac crest & are designed to support the weight of the upper body
A
Lumbar vertebrae
9
Q
This bone is superficial and located along the midline of the chest aka “breastbone”
A
sternum
10
Q
The thorax includes the _________ and _______
A
Sternum & Rib cage
11
Q
Ribs 1-7 are known as “true ribs” because…?
A
they attach directly to the sternum
12
Q
Ribs 8-12 are known as “false ribs” because…?
A
attach indirectly to the sternum by means of the coastal cartilage
13
Q
These ribs are considered “floating ribs”
A
11-12 b/c they do not attach to the sternum or costal cartilage at all
14
Q
Superior view of a vertebrae, the horizontal processes that are located on either side are called?
A
Transverse process (TVP)
15
Q
Superior view of a vertebrae, the vertical processes that are located on the inferior portion of the vertebrae is called?
A
Spinous process
16
Q
The name the portion of the sternum that is inferior to the jugular notch and superior to the sternal angle
A
Manubrium
17
Q
Name each end of a rib
A
sternal end- connects to the sternum vertebral end- attaches to the vertebral colomn
18
Q
The sternal end of the 1st rib contains a groove that makes room for these important blood vessels, name them.
A
Groove for subclavian artery & vein
19
Q
What is the joint btw the sternum and costal called?
A
Sternocostal Joint
20
Q
The joint between the ribs and the costal cartilage is called?
A
Costochondral joint
21
Q
The groove btw the spinous process and the transverse process located on the inferior portion of the vertebrae on either side is called? (filled with layers of inaccessible muscles)
A
lamina groove
22
Q
This process attaches to the sternum & is the most inferior
A
xiphoid process
23
Q
Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the superior angle of the scapula?
A
T-2
24
Q
Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the inferior angle of the scapula?
A
T-7
25
Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the 12th rib?
T-12
26
Which lumbar vertebrae can you locate by finding the top of the iliac crest?
L-4
27
The cervical & Lumbar regions of the spine bend anteriorly. What is this curve called?
Lordotic Curve
28
The thoracic & sacral regions of the spine bend posteriorly. What is this curve called?
Kyphotic Curve
29
What are the discs called located in btw the bodies of vertebrae that cushion some of the shock of our body weight?
Intervertebral discs
30
Name the tough outer layer of the intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosus
31
Name the liquid center of the intervertebral disc
Nucleus Pulposus
32
Name the pathology associated with a damaged to the annulus fibrosus, in which the nucleus pulposus leaks out and pushes against nerves in the spinal cord.
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) or herniated
33
1st cervical vertebrae is the only vertebrae that does not have what process?
Spinous process
34
The pivot joint between C1 & C2 allows for what type of movement and what is the correct name of this joint?
Allows rotation on the atlantoaxial joint
35
The spinous process of which vertebrae can be located at the base of the neck when the neck is flexed?
C7
36
The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have anterior & posterior tubercles that channel which nerves?
cervical nerves
37
Anterior tubercles located on the TVP of cervical vertebrae is the attachment site for which muscle?
Anterior scalene
38
Posterior tubercles located on the TVP of cervical vertebrae is the attachment site for which muscle?
middle & posterior scalenes, levator scapula & others
39
What plexus exit btw the TVP's of the cervical vertebrae?
brachial plexus
40
If you are working on a pt & they complain of a sharp, shooting sensation down the arm what are you compressing or impinging and what should you do?
Brachial plexus, immediately release & adjust your position posteriorly, get the pt's feedback. May need to stop pt
41
The TVP's of the cervical vertebrae are located deep to this muscle
sternocleidomastoid muscle
42
What anatomical landmarks can be used to located the transverse process of C1?
Mastoid process
43
C6 has a large anterior tubercle, what is the name of this tubercle and which blood vessel passes immediately lateral to it?
carotid tubercle & carotid artery
44
What muscles fill the lamina groove?
Erector Spinae & Transversospinalis muscles
45
The jugular notch lies on the same transverse plane as the spinous process of which vertebrae?
T2
46
The sternal angle lines up with with which spinous process?
T4
47
The xiphoid process is directly across from the body of which vertebrae?
T10
48
The vertebral end of the first rib is located _________ to the clavicle
Superior
49
What forms the posterior triangle of the neck?
The clavicle, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles.
50
Name two structures that pass between the 1st rib and the clavicle?
The brachial plexus and subclavian artery
51
Which directions are the ribs designed to expand?
Anterior/posterior, lateral, and superior.
52
The medial portions of the 11th and 12th ribs lie deep to which lumbar muscles?
Erector Spinae muscles
53
Where are the splenii muscles are located?
Along the posterior neck, deep to the trapezius
54
What muscles are located in the lamina groove ?
Transversospinalis
55
What muscles make up the transversospinalis?
Rotatores, mulifidi & semispinalis
56
What muscles extend from the tip of the spinous process to the body of the rib?
Erector Spinae muscles
57
What muscles make up the erector spinae muscles?
spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis
58
Which organs are located in the diaphragm?
vena cava, abdominal aorta & esophageal hiatus
59
Name the muscles responsible for vertebral flexion
1)rectus abdominis 2) external oblique (bilaterally) 3) internal oblique (bilaterally) 4) psoas major (with insertion fixed) 5) Iliacus (with insertion fixed)
60
Name the muscles responsible for vertebral extension
1) Longissimus 2)Iliocostalis 3)Multifidi 4)Rotatores 5) semispinalis capitis 6)spinalis 7) Intertransversarii 8)quadratus lumborum (assists) 9) Interspinalis 10) Intertransversarii 11) Latissimus dorsi (assits, when are is fixed) ((*note 1-7 bilaterally ))
61
Name the muscles responsible for Rotation (all unilaterally)
1) External oblique (to the opposite side) 2) Internal oblique (to the same side) 3)Multifidi (to the opposite side) 4)Rotatores (to the opposite side)
62
Name the muscles responsible for Lateral Flexion
1) Iliocostalis 2)External Oblique 3) Internal Oblique 4) Longissimus 5) Quadratus lumborum 6)Intertransversarii 7)Spinalis 8)Latissumis dorai (assits) 9)Psoas Major (assists)
63
Name the muscles responsible for ribs/thorax elevation/expansion that are involved in inhalation
1) Anterior Scalene 2) Middle Scalene 3) Posterior scalene 4)Serratus posterior superior 5)Subclavius (1st rib) 6)Pectoralis Major (all fibers may assist if arm is fixed) 7)Pectoralis minor (if scapula is fixed) 8)Serratus anterior (if scapula is fixed) 9)Sternocleidomastoid (assists) 10)Exernal intercostals (assists)
64
Name the muscles responsible for ribs/thorax depression/collapse that are involved in exhalation
1) Serratus posterior inferior 2) Internal intercostals (assits)
65
Which cervical vertebrae are responsible for rotation?
C1/C2
66
Which vertebrae does not have a spinous process?
C1
67
What spinous process is considered the base of the neck?
C7
68
How many nerves extend from the cervical vertebrae?
8
69
What synergist movements does the SCM assist in?
elevation/ expansion
70
What motions do the erector spinae group assist the vertebral column with?
extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the head & neck on the same side
71
Where does the spinalis originate?
(thoraces)=Spinous processes of the upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae . (cervicis)=Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7
72
What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
the ribs
73
Which muscles are in the lamina groove of the thoracic vertebrae?
erector spinae
74
What vertebrae is at the same level as the sternal angle?
T4
75
Which 2 bony landmarks are associated with T7 and T12?
inferior angle of the scapula and 12th rib
76
Which curve affects the thoracic spine?
kyphosis
77
What is an attachment site for the diaphragm?
central tendon
78
What is the deepest muscle of the abdominal group
transverse abdominis
79
Which muscle group runs from the sacrum to the occiput along the posterior aspect of the vertebral column?
Erector Spinae group
80
The erector spinae group includes which 3 muscles?
Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis
81
The tendons of which erector spinae muscle extends laterally beneath the scapula?
iliocostalis
82
The erectors lie deep to the thin but dense __________ aponeruosis?
Thoracolumbar
83
In the thoracic & cervical spine, the erector spinae lie deep to which muscles?
rhomboids, trapezius, serratus posterior superior & inferior
84
What motion does the erector spinae group assist the vertebral column with?
extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the head & neck on the same side
85
Where does the spinalis originate?
Spinous processes of the upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae =(thoracis) . Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 =(cervicis)
86
Where does the spinalis insert?
```
Thoracis= spinous processes of the upper thoracic
Cervicis= spinous processes of the cervicals, except c1
```
87
The spinalis is considered the most medial, lateral, posterior or anterior muscle of the erector spinae group?
Medial (closed to the spine compared to the other 2)
88
What muscles make up the transversospinalis group?
Multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis capitis
89
Does the transversospinalis group extend the length of the vertebral column?
Yes
90
What are the only muscles that lie across the posterior surface of the sacrum and are directly accessible in the lumbar spine?
multifidi
91
What short, smaller muscles lie DEEP to the multifidi?
rotatores
92
Which muscle is located along the thoracic and cervical vertebrae and reach the cranium?
semispinalis capitis
93
Name the origin and insertion of the multifidi?
```
O= scarum & TVP of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
I= spinous processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
```
94
What finlike sheet of connective tissue runs along the saggital plane of the occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C-7 in the neck?
Ligamentum nuchae
95
What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?
to help stabilize the head and neck
96
What ligament attaches to the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?
supraspinous ligament
97
What blood vessel carries blood to the abdominal organs and lower appendages?
abdominal aorta
98
The abdominal aorta is lateral to which muscle?
psoas major
99
Name the diamond shaped tendon that lies superficially across the posterior thorax, stretches across the sacrum to the posterior iliac crest and runs upward to the lower thoracic vertebrae?
thoracocolumbar aponeurosis
100
What umbrella like structure separates the upper and lower thoracic cavities?
diaphragm
101
The diaphragm is the primary muscle of.....
respiration
102
On _______ the muscle fibers of the diaphragm relax, releasing the ___________ and allowing the lungs to ______.
exhalation
central tendon
deflate
103
Where does the diaphragm originate?
Costal attachment = inner surface of lower 6 ribs
Lumbar attachment = upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae
Sternal attachment = inner part of xiphoid process
104
Name the muscles that make up the abdominal group?
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
105
Which structure attaches to edge of the sacrum?
sarcotuberous ligament
106
What abdominal muscle attaches to the pubic crest?
Rectus abdominis
107
Which abdominal muscles originates at the inguinal ligament?
Internal oblique and transverse abdominis
108
How many foramen does the sacrum have?
8
109
Which muscle can compress the sciatic nerve?
piriformis
110
What abdominal muscles laterally flex the vertebral column?
Internal and external oblique
111
What abdominal muscle compresses abdominal contents?
transverse abdominis
112
What action does the rectus abdominis perform?
flex the vertebral column
| posteriorly tilt the pelvis
113
What muscle is located DEEP to the rhomboids and trapezius?
splenius capitis
114
What muscle can be located in the lamina groove of the upper thoracic and cervical spine?
splenius cervicis
115
What actions do the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis perform?
Rotate head and neck
Laterally flex head and neck
Extend head and neck
116
How many suboccipital muscles are there?
8
117
Which suboccipital muscles ROCK and TILT the head back into extension?
Rectus capitis posterior major and minor
| Oblique capitis superior
118
These suboccipital muscles ROTATE the head to the same side?
Rectus capitis posterior major
| Oblique capitis inferior
119
Which suboccipital muscle laterally flexes the head?
Oblique capitis inferior
