spiritual self

Question 1

More concerned with growing and
experiencing the Divine

Answer 1

spiritual

Question 2

Approach of love, where there is no
condemnation and judgment, but
where there is mercy and
acceptance

Answer 2

spiritual

Question 3

Believes in God who is omnipresent
and omniscient, who is a living
presence in a person’s heart

Answer 3

spiritual

Question 4

All faiths are valid

Answer 4

spiritual

Question 5

Believes in god or group of gods
and consciously adheres to the
beliefs of his/her religion

Answer 5

religious

Question 6

Approach of fear, which emphasizes sin, guilt, and concept of punishment

Answer 6

religious

Question 7

God is depicted as separate from
humanity, who is impartial but
impersonal

Answer 7

religious

Question 8

The need to convert others to their
faith

Answer 8

religious

Question 9

contemplative practices (4)

Answer 9

meditation
prayer
yoga
journaling

Question 10

Mental exercises focusing on breathing or repeating a mantra

Answer 10

mediation

Question 11

Is done to reach a heightened level of spiritual awareness

Answer 11

meditation

Question 12

Can induce feelings of calmness and clear-headedness
* Can also improve concentration and attention

Answer 12

meditation

Question 13

A form of spiritual connection with God (supplication, thanksgiving, adoration, or confession)

Answer 13

prayer

Question 14

May elicit a relaxation response, along with feelings of hope, gratitude, and compassion

Answer 14

prayer

Question 15

Can provide a sense of comfort and
support in difficult times

Answer 15

prayer

Question 16

A Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline

Answer 16

yoga

Question 17

Teaches the suppression of all mind and body activity to realize the self’s
distinction from the material world and attain liberation

Answer 17

yoga

Question 18

A system of physical postures, breathing techniques, and sometimes meditation

Answer 18

yoga

Question 19

Helps a person become aware of his/her inner life and feel more connected to his/her experience and the world around him/her

Answer 19

journaling

Question 20

May help a person find life’s meaning despite of the challenges faced

Answer 20

journaling

Question 21

“The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods” (Oxford University Press, 2017)

Answer 21

religion

Question 22

“A particular system of faith and worship” (University of Minnesota Human Rights Center, 2016)

Answer 22

religion

Question 23

“A systematic attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object” (Anthropomorphism)

Answer 23

religion

Question 24

Four Dimensions of Religion (Dawson & Thiessen, 2014)

Answer 24

belief
ritual
spiritual experience
unique social forms of community

Question 25

A generalized system of ideas and values that shape how members of a religious group come to understand the world around them

Answer 25

belief

Question 26

Taught by religious authorities through formal creeds, doctrines, as well as through stories, songs, and myths

Answer 26

belief

Question 27

Repeated physical gestures or activities used to reinforce religious teachings, elicit spiritual feelings, and connect worshippers with a higher power * Examples are baptism and wedding

Answer 27

ritual

Question 28

A feeling of immediate connection with the higher power * “To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible. ” – St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 28

spiritual experience

Question 29

“Unite in one single community called a Church, all those who adhere to them” – Emile Durkheim (1915-1964)

Answer 29

unique social forms of community

Question 30

Categories of Religion

Answer 30

polytheism montheism/monotheism antheism/atheism animism

Question 31

religion with Multiple gods

Answer 31

polytheism

Question 32

religion with Single god

Answer 32

montheism/monotheism

Question 33

religion with No deities

Answer 33

antheism/atheism

Question 34

religion with Nonhuman beings (animals, plants, natural world)

Answer 34

animism

Question 35

polytheism religions (3)

Answer 35

hinduism ancient greeks ancient romans

Question 36

montheism religions (3)

Answer 36

judiasm islam christianity

Question 37

antheism religions (3)

Answer 37

atheism buddhism taoism

Question 38

animism religions (2)

Answer 38

indigenous nature worship shinto

Question 39

The earliest of the three monotheistic, Abrahamic religion

Answer 39

Judaism

Question 40

The religion, philosophy, and way of life of Jewish people * There is one omnipotent and omniscient God.

Answer 40

Judaism

Question 41

Judaism: the Law, including the Ten Commandments, given to Moses on Mount Sinai

Answer 41

Torah

Question 42

Two main groups of Judaism:

Answer 42

Orthodox and Progressive or Reform Judaism

Question 43

Believes in one God, who has three personas – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit

Answer 43

Christianity

Question 44

Based on the life and ministry of Jesus Christ, which is told through the Bible

Answer 44

Christianity

Question 45

Types of Christian community: (4)

Answer 45

Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, and Evangelical

Question 46

The word “Islam” means

Answer 46

“submission to the will of God”

Question 47

Islam Comes from the root word “???” meaning “???”

Answer 47

Salam, peace

Question 48

Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as ???

Answer 48

Allah

Question 49

Islam: was believed to be the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to mankind.

Answer 49

Muhammad (Mohammed or Mohammad)

Question 50

the major holy text of Islam

Answer 50

The Quran (or Koran)

Question 51

Originated and developed in India * Considered as the world’s oldest religion

Answer 51

Hinduism

Question 52

Believes in one Supreme God, Brahman, who is revealed in three aspects: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Answer 52

Hinduism

Question 53

Hinduism: Believes in one Supreme God, Brahman, who is revealed in three aspects:

Answer 53

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Question 54

The sacred text of Hinduism is the ???

Answer 54

Vedas

Question 55

Vedas: divided into four parts

Answer 55

Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, YajurVeda, and Atharava-Veda

Question 56

Guided by the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, the “enlightened one”

Answer 56

Buddhism

Question 57

Buddhism: Main source of faith and practice is the

Answer 57

Dharma

Question 58

Believes in the Four Noble Truths and follows the Eightfold Paths

Answer 58

Buddhism

Question 59

are quasi-physical and can exist outside the body (i.e., in dreams and in visions) and can transfer from one body to another.

Answer 59

souls

Question 60

Souls persist after ??? and become ???.

Answer 60

death, ghosts

Question 61

deceased ancestral souls, dwell in the environment and forces in nature.

Answer 61

Spirits

Question 62

according to the Bisaya: a life force, an energy, as well as an ethereal entity, a spirit with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides essence of life (Magos, 1992).

Answer 62

Dungan

Question 63

according to the Bisaya: These spirits inhabit a region above the earth before inhabiting their chosen unborn human being

Answer 63

Dungan

Question 64

according to the Bisaya: The Dungan can temporarily leave the body when a person is ??? or ???

Answer 64

asleep or sick

Question 65

according to the Bisaya: When an individual dies, the Dungan is ???. It goes back to the air and back to the regions above the earth and chooses a new unborn being to inhabit.

Answer 65

lost permanently

Question 66

according to the Ilonggo: may not normally be seen by the human eye, but may take on other visible forms such as that of insects.

Answer 66

Dungan

Question 67

according to the Ilonggo: When an individual is asleep, the Dungan leaves the body to ???. Only when it comes back can an individual ???

Answer 67

travel, wake up

Question 68

It is known as the breath of life and is responsible for the heart’s ability to beat.

Answer 68

Ginhawa

Question 69

it is believed that when the ??? left the body, the person dies.

Answer 69

ginhawa

Question 70

meaning a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath, breath of god, hence, inspiration, breath of life

Answer 70

spiritus

Question 71

meaning the spiritual and emotional part of a person’s existence

Answer 71

sawol

Question 72

Biblical Belief = the Holy Spirit

Answer 72

Spirit

Question 73

Biblical Beliefs = conscious, moral, and thinking part of a person immortal and can go to hell, purgatory, or heaven after death

Answer 73

soul

Question 74

western: spirit

Answer 74

ghost or any other supernatural being

Question 75

western: soul

Answer 75

a person’s moral consciousness

Question 76

Eastern Culture: spirit (Taoism)

Answer 76

nature and ancestor spirits

Question 77

Eastern Culture: spirit (Shinto)

Answer 77

shamanism

Question 78

Eastern Culture: spirit (Confucianism)

Answer 78

existence of animistic spirits, ghosts, and deities

Question 79

Eastern Culture: Soul

Answer 79

part of a person’s dharma, which is one’s obligation with respect to caste, social custom, civil law, and sacred law - Hinduism and Buddhism

Question 80

Person: The spiritual self is the most intimate and subjective part of the self

Answer 80

William James

Question 81

William James: The ??? is a person’s ability to think of himself as a thinker, and enables him to engage in morality, sensibility, and consciousness

Answer 81

spirit

Question 82

William James: satisfies the spiritual self

Answer 82

Finding the meaning of life

Question 83

The Soul: Ifugao

Answer 83

Linnawa or the soul of the dead

Question 84

The Soul: Isneg

Answer 84

* Kaduwa * Aglalanawan – realm of the dead

Question 85

The Soul: Kankanaey

Answer 85

A person is composed of a physical body and ab-abiik

Question 86

The Soul: Tagalog

Answer 86

* Kaluluwa or the soul of the deceased * Kakambal or the soul of the living

Question 87

The Soul: Ilokano

Answer 87

Four soul-system: kararua (soul proper), karkarma (natural vigor, mind, and reason), aniwaas (can leave the body during sleep), and araria (liberated soul of the dead)

Question 88

The Soul: Ibanag/Ybanag

Answer 88

* baggi (body) and ikaruruwa (soul)

Question 89

The soul has physical characteristics and gives direction and wholeness to the man.

Answer 89

Ibanag/Ybanag

Question 90

The Soul: Hanunoo Mangyan

Answer 90

Plurality of soul

Question 91

The Soul: Tagbanwa

Answer 91

Kiyaraluwa or one true soul and five secondary souls (found in both hands and feet, head, and air whorl)

Question 92

The Soul: Ethnic tribes of Bukidnon

Answer 92

Gimukod * Two types of gimukod: right hand (good soul) and left hand (bad soul)

Question 93

are symbolic expressions and acts performed in respect of spiritual and sacred laws.

Answer 93

Rituals

Question 94

are formal acts or rituals (often by custom or tradition) performed in observation of an event or anniversary.

Answer 94

Ceremonies

Question 95

* Earliest form to explain ritual * Ritual is a part of human evolution. * Through discovering the oldest culture and cults, contemporary human rituals can be explained

Answer 95

Origin Approach

Question 96

Ritual is a part of ???

Answer 96

human evolution

Question 97

* Rituals was believed to be defined by its function in the society. * Explains ritual behavior in terms of individual and social needs

Answer 97

FUNCTIONAL APPROACH (EVIDENCE-BASED)

Question 98

Ritual behavior is an expression of the sacred; how the material human connects with the transcendent realm or the ultimate reality

Answer 98

HISTORY OF RELIGIONS APPROACH

Question 99

Classification of Rituals (4)

Answer 99

immitative negative sacrificial life crisis

Question 100

Ritual: Patterned after myths, and repeats the myths or aspects of the myth

Answer 100

immitative rituals

Question 101

Ritual: Something should be avoided because it is forbidden

Answer 101

negative ritual

Question 102

Ritual: Total destruction of the sacrifice (i.e., human being, animal, food crops, or objects) as an offering to a higher being

Answer 102

Sacrificial rituals

Question 103

Ritual: Transition of one mode or stage of life into another; defines the life of an individual

Answer 103

life crisis