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Spoken Language & CMC Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

idiolect

A

an individual’s unique language: it includes word choice, accent, pitch and style

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2
Q

assimilation

A

fitting in

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3
Q

sociolect

A

a language style associated with a particular social group

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4
Q

dialect

A

a language style associated with a particular geographical region

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5
Q

t

an individual’s unique language: it includes word choice, accent, pitch and style

A

idiolect

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6
Q

t

fitting in

A

assimilation

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7
Q

t

a language style associated with a particular social group

A

sociolect

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8
Q

t

a language style associated with a particular geographical region

A

dialect

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9
Q

standard English

A

formal register, used in written English

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10
Q

colloquial register

A

informal register, used when speaking to friends & family

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11
Q

slang register

A

informal register, used with a very close group, may offend outsiders

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12
Q

t

formal register, used in written English

A

standard English

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13
Q

t

informal register, used when speaking to friends & family

A

colloquial register

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14
Q

t

informal register, used with a very close group, may offend outsiders

A

slang register

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15
Q

openings

A

conversation starters such as ‘excuse me’. Can be a sequence

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16
Q

turn-taking

A

we are sensitive to cues that someone else wants to speak

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17
Q

tag questions

A

questions attached to the end of statements (can be used to invite turn-taking)

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18
Q

adjacency pairs

A

two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern

e.g. How are you / I am fine.

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19
Q

topic

A

what people are talking about

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20
Q

topic shifts

A

changes in topic of the converstion

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21
Q

topic starters

A

introduces a topic into the conversation

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22
Q

topic loops

A

returning to a previous topic

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23
Q

repair

A

correcting your own mistake, or a listener asks for something to be repeated

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24
Q

feedback

A

can be verbal or non-verbal; shows that you are listening

e.g. nodding, ‘mmm’

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25
pre-closing signals
ways of indicating the conversation is ending
26
closing signals
signing off a conversation
27
phatic communication
phrases which have a merely social function *e.g. 'nice weather we're having'*
28
deistic expressions
expressions which need the reference point of the conversation to make sense *e.g. 'over there', 'tomorrow'*
29
accommodation theory
we adjust our speech to suit others
30
convergence and divergence
we change our speech to appear closer to or further apart from people *e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.*
31
downward divergence
changing speech to suit a less formal situation *e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.*
32
upward divergence
changing speech to suit a more formal situation
33
mutual convergence
when speakers both change idiolect to accommodate the other
34
Maxim of Quantity (Grice's Maxims)
saying not more or less than is required
35
Maxim of Relevance (Grice's Maxims)
what is said should be relevant
36
Maxim of Manner (Grice's Maxims)
avoidance of ambiguity and obscurity, being orderly and coherent
37
Maxim of Quality (Grice's Maxims)
being truthful as far as you know
38
face
the image of ourselves that we present when we speak. Linked to status & politeness.
39
The Politeness Principle (Lakoff 1973)
* don't impose * give options * make your receiver feel good
40
positive politeness
showing we like another person by valuing them in our conversation
41
negative politeness
trying to avoid intruding on others — e.g. *'sorry to disturb you'* or calling a superior by their formal title. (Britain has been identified as a culture that stresses negative politeness.)
42
# t conversation starters such as 'excuse me'. Can be a sequence
openings
43
# t we are sensitive to cues that someone else wants to speak
turn-taking
44
# t questions attached to the end of statements (can be used to invite turn-taking)
tag questions
45
# t two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern *e.g. How are you / I am fine.*
adjacency pairs
46
# t what people are talking about
topic
47
# t changes in topic of the converstion
topic shifts
48
# t introduces a topic into the conversation
topic starters
49
# t returning to a previous topic
topic loops
50
# t correcting your own mistake, or a listener asks for something to be repeated
repair
51
# t can be verbal or non-verbal; shows that you are listening *e.g. nodding, 'mmm'*
feedback
52
# t ways of indicating the conversation is ending
pre-closing signals
53
# t signing off a conversation
closing signals
54
# t phrases which have a merely social function *e.g. 'nice weather we're having'*
phatic communication
55
# t expressions which need the reference point of the conversation to make sense *e.g. 'over there', 'tomorrow'*
deistic expressions
56
# t we adjust our speech to suit others
accommodation theory
57
# t we change our speech to appear closer to or further apart from people *e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.*
convergence and divergence
58
# t changing speech to suit a less formal situation *e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.*
downward divergence
59
# t changing speech to suit a more formal situation
upward divergence
60
# t when speakers both change idiolect to accommodate the other
mutual convergence
61
# t saying not more or less than is required
Maxim of Quantity (Grice's Maxims)
62
# t what is said should be relevant
Maxim of Relevance (Grice's Maxims)
63
# t avoidance of ambiguity and obscurity, being orderly and coherent
Maxim of Manner (Grice's Maxims)
64
# t being truthful as far as you know
Maxim of Quality (Grice's Maxims)
65
# t the image of ourselves that we present when we speak. Linked to status & politeness.
face
66
# t * don't impose * give options * make your receiver feel good
The Politeness Principle (Lakoff 1973)
67
# t showing we like another person by valuing them in our conversation
positive politeness
68
# t trying to avoid intruding on others — e.g. *'sorry to disturb you'* or calling a superior by their formal title. (Britain has been identified as a culture that stresses negative politeness.)
negative politeness
69
dysphemistic language
swearing/offensive language
70
euphemistic language
covers up offensive/taboo/embarrassing subjects (e.g. sex/sexuality/gender, death, periods/menopause, bodily functions, drugs/alcohol)
71
tenor
same as register, level of formality
72
semantic reclamation
taking a derogatory/pejorative (insulting) term & using it to describe yourself
73
taking the floor
taking your conversational turn
74
holding the floor
maintaining your turn
75
fillers
used to show that someone is pausing to think but has not finished speaking e.g. well
76
terms for people in a conversation
patricipants, speakers, interlocutors
77
# t swearing/offensive language
dysphemistic language
78
# t covers up offensive/taboo/embarrassing subjects (e.g. sex/sexuality/gender, death, periods/menopause, bodily functions, drugs/alcohol)
euphemistic language
79
# t same as register, level of formality
tenor
80
# t taking a derogatory/pejorative (insulting) term & using it to describe yourself
semantic reclamation
81
# t taking your conversational turn
taking the floor
82
# t maintaining your turn
holding the floor
83
# t used to show that someone is pausing to think but has not finished speaking e.g. well
fillers
84
# t patricipants, speakers, interlocutors
terms for people in a conversation

English Language (2 decks)

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