Spoken language terms

Question 1

formulaic phrase

Answer 1

brings one topic to an end and establish a new one EG - ‘by the way’

Question 2

opener

Answer 2

social greetings, hospitality tokens or neutral topics EG - ‘have a drink, the weather’

Question 3

vocative

Answer 3

names, titles,terms of address used to help create a personal relationship between speakers

Question 4

closing

Answer 4

to sum up an exchange

Question 5

overlap

Answer 5

talking over someone

Question 6

simultaneous speech

Answer 6

not always classes as an interruption because it can enhance the collaborative approach spoken discourse

Question 7

supportive minimal vocalisations

Answer 7

where a second speaker utters minimal responses

Question 8

voiced hesitation

Answer 8

repetitions of words allow the speaker to pause without giving up their turn

Question 9

adjacency pair

Answer 9

sequences of utterances to create a recognisable structural pattern EG - questions and answers

Question 10

Conversational lexis

Answer 10

yeah, cos , alright

Question 11

colloquialisms

Answer 11

hiya, yeah, well and won’t

Question 12

colloquial idiom

Answer 12

the phrases which characterise spoken language and don’t serve any particular communicative function EG - ‘in a minute’

Question 13

slang

Answer 13

informal words or phrases set up the tone of an interaction

Question 14

clichés

Answer 14

indication that the speaker has nothing to say EG - ‘that’s life’

Question 15

hyperbole

Answer 15

exaggeration for effect EG - ‘on and on and on’

Question 16

fillers

Answer 16

playing for time to figure out dementing to say EG - ‘sort of, you know, I mean’

Question 17

Phatic communication

Answer 17

speaking with no other purpose than speaking

Question 18

deictic expressions

Answer 18

EG - ‘this one, over there, right now’

Question 19

Vague language

Answer 19

EG - ‘stuff ‘

Question 20

unfinished sentences

Answer 20

left to dangle, not everything has to be said EG - ‘…so I didn’t’

Question 21

interrupted constructions

Answer 21

sentences that are dropped half-way through in favour of another EG - ‘so I think..what I’m trying to say’

Question 22

non-standard use of grammar

Answer 22

less care is given to the formal rules of grammar

Question 23

omission/elipsis

Answer 23

leaving out part of sentence construction

Question 24

contraction

Answer 24

more frequent in spoken

Question 25

co - ordination

Answer 25

EG - ' and, but, or' long strings of loosely co ordinated clauses

Question 26

tag question

Answer 26

reassurance that the other is listening

Question 27

Non fluency feature / filler

Answer 27

'sort of, you know, I mean'

Question 28

non verbal signals/ paralinguistic

Answer 28

more that goes on in conversation over and above the words used EG - eyebrow raising and winking

Question 29

voiced hesitations

Answer 29

are common as they allow speakers to pause without communication breaking down - EG ' mm, er'

Question 30

emphatic stress

Answer 30

used to highlight key lexical items which aids meaning in situations where the speakers have no visual means of emphasis EG - telephone conversation

Question 31

open question

Answer 31

question which demands more info than a simple yes or no

Question 32

closed question

Answer 32

question which only needs a yes or no answer

Question 33

convergence

Answer 33

used to just refer to the way people are speaking - their accents and how they end up speaking more and more like each other as the exchange progresses

Question 34

discourse marker

Answer 34

term for nay word or phrase which marks a change in the discourse EG - 'like, alright'

Question 35

hedge

Answer 35

used to soften expressions that might otherwise appear too direct, any word or phrase used to beat around the bush to avoid a direct attack on someones sense of worth

Question 36

self- related comment

Answer 36

community about themselves can be seen as careless of her listeners needs or doesn't feel obliges to meet them

Question 36

idiolect

Answer 36

the language characteristics of nay particular individual

Question 37

non - sequitur

Answer 37

random comment after something is said

Question 38

minor sentence

Answer 38

a non - grammatical sentence

Question 39

raised/ falling intonation

Answer 39

signals that what your going to say should be taken as a question and that you require as response

Question 40

relative status

Answer 40

which participant is of a higher status relative to the other is always significant and you should be able to tell from how the conversation progresses

Question 41

positive politeness

Answer 41

pay attention, seek agreement, make jokes

Question 42

foregrounding

Answer 42

the use of grammar and the ordering of the words used in any utterance to giver precedence to one particular word or phrase

Question 43

negative politeness

Answer 43

be indirect, question, hedge, give deference, be apologetic

Question 44

positive face needs

Answer 44

use greetings, compliments and appropriate terms of address

Question 45

footing

Answer 45

how people align themselves to what they are saying

Question 46

phatic token

Answer 46

way of showing status by orienting comments to ones self

Question 47

positive politeness strategy

Answer 47

shows you recognise that your hearer has a desire to be respected

Question 48

bald on-record strategy

Answer 48

does nothing to minimise threats to the hearers 'face'

Question 49

negative politeness strategy

Answer 49

recognises the hearers face and recognises that you are in some way imposing on them EG - 'I don't want to bother you but'

Question 50

Grices Maxims

Answer 50

- maxim of quantity - maxim of quality - maxim of relevance - maxim of manner