Sponges

Question 1

Where do sponges belong?

Answer 1

to the phylum Porifera meaning pore bearers: body is perforated by many pores and canals

Question 2

features of the Phylum Porifera

Answer 2

• skeleton is composed of spicules or silica
• brightly colored because of dermal cells
  -filter feeders
  -some stand erect, some are branched, and encrusting

Question 3

Ostia

Answer 3

small pores through which water enters

Question 4

Osculum

Answer 4

the large opening where water exits

Question 5

Spicules

Answer 5

tiny needle like structures that provide structural support made of calcium carbonate or silica

Question 6

Spongin

Answer 6

a flexible protein that makes up the skeleton in some sponges. spongin fibers act as a “mortar” that holds together the hard, tiny spicules in a sponge’s skeleton

Question 7

What are three classes that are traditionally assigned to living sponges?

Answer 7

calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae

Question 8

Calcarea

Answer 8

• typically have calcium carbonate (calcareous) spicules
• have asymmetrical or radially symmetrical body structures
• simple organization, often with tubular shape

Question 9

hexactinellida

Answer 9

• have six-rayed spicules called hexactines
• glass sponges
• live at extreme depths
  have spicules made of silicon dioxide

Question 10

demospongiae

Answer 10

• have siliceous spicules, spongin fiber or both
• the largest group of sponges
• play a crucial role in filter feeding, helping to clean water by removing plankton and organic particles

Question 11

homoscleromorpha

Answer 11

previously a subgroup of demospongiae, have simple spicules or lack them entirely

Question 12

What species of sea sponge is SpongeBob SquarePants based on?

Answer 12

aplysina fistularis

Question 13

types of canal system

Answer 13

asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid

Question 14

asconoids

Answer 14

have the simplest body form

Question 15

syconoids

Answer 15

• resemble asconoids but they are larger with a thicker body wall
• wall contains choancyte- lined radial canals that fold back and forth so that canals empty into spongocoel

Question 16

leuconoids

Answer 16

• most complex; larger with many oscula
• clusters of flagellated chambers are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals leading to oscula

Question 17

types of sponge cells

Answer 17

choanocytes, amoebocytes, pinacocytes, porocytes

Question 18

choanocytes

Answer 18

create water flow and trap food particles move them to amoebocytes

Question 19

amoebocytes

Answer 19

transport nutrients and aid digestion

Question 20

pinococytes

Answer 20

flat epithelial-like cells that cover the sponge’s surface

Question 21

porocytes

Answer 21

tubular cells that form pores, pierce the body wall, and water flows through them

Question 22

archaeocytes

Answer 22

are ameboid cells and can differentiate into other types of cells

Question 23

what are the different types of cells can archaeocytes become

Answer 23

sclerocytes- secrete spicules
spongocytes- secrete spongin
collencytes- secrete fibrillar collagen

Question 24

what cell is responsible for water flow and capturing food and assist in reproduction?

Answer 24

choanocytes

Question 25

demospongiae and glass sponges secrete what?

Answer 25

siliiceous spicules

Question 26

calcareous sponges secrete what?

Answer 26

spicules of calcium carbonate

Question 27

internal buds of freshwater sponges that can withstand adverse conditions are__

Answer 27

gemmules

Question 28

outline the order in which a drop of ink would pass by the structures in an asconoid sponge

Answer 28

water enters through microscopic pores ostia and moves into a large cavity, the spongocoel then, choanocyte flagella pull water through and expel through osculum

Question 29

the water outlet in sponges is known as

Answer 29

osculum

Question 30

reproduction and development of sponges

Answer 30

- most sponges are monoecious (male and female sex cells in one individual - sperm released by one individual enter canal system of another individual - some are oviparous, releasing both oocytes and sperm into water - can reproduce asexually